Kaffir Lime

Citrus hystix

Ma Krut

Action: Antioxidant, Antitussive, Astringent, Blood Tonic, Carminative, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Stomachic

Taste: Sour (fruit, leaf), bitter (rind)

Part Used: Juice of Fruit, Rind, Leaf

Internal Application: Kaffir lime leaves are frequently used in Thai cuisine to add a tangy flavor to soups and curries. The leaf is considered to be more medicinal than the fruit, although the juice and rind can also be used. Kaffir lime leaves and fruits are one of the main ingredients used in the traditional Thai herbal compresses, as well as in the sauna. Inhaled or ingested, kaffir lime is useful for treatment of colds, congestion, and cough. Taken internally, it is a digestion stimulant which alleviates flatulence and indigestion, and is used to promote regularity in the case of blocked or infrequent menstruation. It is well known as a blood purifier, as an antioxidant with cancer-preventing properties, and is used to treat high blood pressure.

Preparation: Make decoction from rind and/or leaves. Or add juice of the fruit to hot herbal tea.

Note: Kaffir lime is a fruit local to Thailand. Where it is not available, the common lime may be substituted.

Queen’s Flower, Pride of India

Lagerstroemia speciosa

Inthanin Nam

Action: Diuretic

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: Queen’s flower tea reduces blood sugar levels and is therefore good for diabetics. As a diuretic, it is also useful for irregular or painful urination, kidney and bladder stones, and venereal diseases.

Preparation: Tea

Ylang-Ylang, Perfume Tree

Canaga odorata

Magrut

Action: Blood Tonic, Cardiac, Diuretic

Taste: Aromatic

Part Used: Flower, Leaf, Wood

Internal Application: Ylang-ylang flower is a tonic for the heart and is used traditionally to treat dizziness and fainting spells. It is a tonic for the blood, and it balances the four elements. The leaf and wood are diuretic.

Preparation: Make tea from fresh or dried flowers, or add flowers to sauna or steam bath.

 

Zedoary

Curcumin zedoaria

Khamin Oi

Action: Adjuvant, Antiemetic, Antipryretic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Rhizome

Internal Application: Related to turmeric, zedoary is used for similar purposes. It is effective against nausea, vomiting, intestinal cramps, irritable bowel, gastritis, and diarrhea, and is often added as an adjuvant to laxative herbs due to its soothing effect on the stomach. It is also effective against fever and is used by Hill-Tribes for dysentery.

Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: Zedoary is a topical antiseptic used in the Thai tradition and by Hill-Tribes on cuts, wounds, and insect bites.

Preparation: Mash with mortar and pestle; make poultice, or add to compress.

Zerumbet Ginger

Zingiber zerumbet

Ka Thue

Action: Analgesic, Antiemetic, Antirheumatic, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Rhizome

Internal Application: Zerumbet ginger has many of the same properties as common ginger, but to a lesser degree. It is used traditionally to treat stomach pain and cramping, as well as food poisoning or allergy, nausea, and vomiting. It can be used successfully to treat irritable bowel, gastritis, and indigestion.

Preparation: Decoction from fresh fire-roasted rhizome. Young shoots and flowers also may be eaten raw or steamed with chili sauce.

Topical Application: A tincture of Zerumbet ginger is applied topically to soothe arthritis pains. With massage, it is said to give especially good results.

Preparation: Soak  handfuls of the chopped rhizome in alcohol. Apply as needed with massage, or use hot compress.

 

Wan Maha Kan

Gynura pseudochina

Action: Anti-inflammatory, Antiparasitic, Antipruritic, Antipyretic

Part Used: Leaf, Root

Internal Application: The root of the wan maha kan is taken as a remedy for fever. Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: The fresh leaves are used topically for treatment of eczema, herpes, insect bites, scabies, lice, and skin inflammation.

Preparation: Pound leaves with mortar and pestle, adding a small amount of water to make a paste. Apply to affected areas 3-4 times daily as needed.

Water Mimosa, Neptunia

Neptunia plena, Neptunia oleracea

Pak Kachad

Action: Antipyretic

Taste: Bland

Part Used: Young Leaf and Stem

Internal Application: The water mimosa is a type of watercress commonly eaten in Thai salads and soups. It is used medicinally as a detoxifier to treat fever, food poisoning, and severe allergic reactions. It has also been shown to have some anti-tumor properties, and is being researched for its use as an anticarcinogen.

Preparation:The young leaves and stems are eaten raw, lightly steamed, or fried with chili sauce.

Wild Pepper Leaf

Piper sarmentosum

Chaa phluu

Action: Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Carminative, Digestive, Expectorant, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: The wild pepper leaf is a hot herb used traditionally to stimulate digestion, to treat flatulence, indigestion, diarrhea, and dysentery, and to ease bloated stomach, abdominal discomfort, and symptoms of irritable bowel and gastritis. It is also employed as a cold remedy, especially in the case of severe lung congestion.

Preparation: lea

Topical Application: The wild pepper leaf is well known as a muscle relaxant and is frequently applied to aches, pains, and sore muscles.

Preparation: Apply as poultice, or use in hot compress.

Woolly Grass, Itnperata

Imperata cylindrica

Yaa Khaa

Action: Antipyretic, Astringent, Diuretic, Hemostatic

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Root

Internal Application: Woolly grass is used primarily as a hemostatic in the treatment of blood in the vomit, urine, or phlegm. It is also used for its diuretic properties in the treatment of fevers, urinary tract infections, kidney disease and stones, cystitis, blood in the urine, and vaginal discharge. The Hill-Tribes use this grass for genital, urinary, kidney, or bladder problems, kidney and gallbladder stones, sexually transmitted diseases, and topically on acne or skin infections.

Preparation: Decoction from 40-50 grams fresh root. Take 75 ml dose 3 times daily before meals.

 

Tako Naa

Diospyros rhodocalyx

Action: Antiseptic, Tonic

Part Used: Stem

Internal Application: A relative of the ebony tree, tako naa is used to balance the four elements, as a longevity tonic, a mouthwash for toothache and gum disease, and a treatment for vaginal discharge. Preparation: Decoction, with a pinch of salt.

Tamarind

Tamaridus indica

Ma Khaam

Action: Anthelmintic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Blood Tonic, Carminative, Digestive, Expectorant, Female Tonic, Laxative, Nutritive Tonic, Purgative, Refrigerant, Stimulant, Vulnerary

Taste: Sour (fruit, leaf, bark), Oily (seed)

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: Tamarind is a common ingredient in Thai cuisine. The pulp of the fruit is cooked and added to soups and curries for flavor. The flowers, fruit, and young leaves are eaten in soups and curries. Unripe fruit is also candied and sold by street vendors coated with sugar, salt, and red chili flakes.

The fresh juice of the tamarind is the Thai equivalent of our prune juice and is a favorite remedy for constipation and fever. It is considered to be a blood purifier and is recommended for pregnancy and post-partum. Tea made from the young leaves and pods of the tamarind is a laxative and is used to treat colds and fevers. The flowers are said to lower blood pressure, and the bark is an astringent remedy for diarrhea and fever. The seeds of the tamarind are used as a purgative to expel tapeworms and other intestinal parasites, and are also recommended as a tonic for health, strength, and vigor.

Preparation: Eat 70-150 grams of fruit-pulp raw, or prepare juice by boiling pulp in water with a pinch of salt for 10-20 minutes. May be drunk hot or iced as needed. For purgative effect, dry-roast 30 seeds; soak in water until soft; eat. For colds and fevers, tea is made by steeping leaves.

Topical Application: The leaves of the tamarind are also frequently used topically to treat skin ulcers and sores. The juice and decoction of the bark are both useful astringents for general antiseptic treatment of the skin and are frequently applied directly to oily or infected skin before sauna or steam bath.

Preparation: Mash leaves with mortar and pestle. Apply as poultice to affected areas.

Thai Caper

Capparis micracantha

Ching-chee

Action: Antiseptic, Antipyretic, Bronchodilator, Carminative, Stomachic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Root, Stem, Leaf

Internal Application: The root of the Thai caper is used as a carminative, a stomachic, and a bronchodilator. The root and leaf are used to treat asthma, chest pain, skin disease and chicken pox, measles, and other fevers with symptoms on the skin. The Wat Po texts mention the Thai caper as a remedy for smallpox, delirium, poisoning, and eye diseases.

Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: Decoction of the root may be used topically as an antibacterial. The leaf relieves muscle cramps.

Preparation: Poultice

Thao Yaanaang

Tiliacora triandra

Action: Analgesic, Antipyretic

Part Used: Root, Leaf

Internal Application: This herb is used in the Thai tradition to treat fevers. It is used by Hill-Tribes for sprains, bruises, sore muscles, and post-delivery to lessen pain and promote healing. Preparation: Decoction. Drink 3 times daily.

Thong Phan Chang

Rhinacanthus nasutus

Action: Anthelmintic, Antiparasitic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Blood Tonic, Diuretic, Laxative, Pectoral

Taste: Toxic

Part Used: Root, Leaf, Stem

Internal Application: Thong phan chang (pronounced “tong pan chang”) is used to treat fevers, sore throat, colds, and lung diseases such as bronchitis and tuberculosis. It lowers blood pressure and is therefore effective treatment for hypertension. Tea made from this herb has a laxative effect, is held to help back pain, and is useful to encourage passing of gallstones. The Wat Po texts recommend the leaf as a diuretic, laxative, and anthelmintic, and as a detoxifying remedy for fever, blood poisoning, skin disease, and cancer. It is said that thong phan chang must be collected between sunset and sunrise because sunlight destroys the potency of the plant.

Preparation: Tea or decoction.

Topical Application: A tincture made of thong pan chang leaves is used topically as a treatment for bacterial and fungal skin infections, rashes, ringworm, and other skin parasites.

Preparation: Pound leaves with mortar and pestle. Soak in alcohol for 7 days. Apply tincture topically to affected areas 3-4 times daily. Continue application for 1 week after ringworm has disappeared.

Ti Plant, Cordyline

Cordyline fruticosa

Maak phu maakmia

Action: Antirheumatic, Astringent, Hemostatic

Taste: Bland

Part Used: Leaf, Bud, Young Shoot

Internal Application: The ti plant is an astringent with a wide range of applications. It is a hemostatic, used traditionally to stop bleeding in cases of bloody vomit, stool, or urine. It is also employed to stop the coughing of blood associated with tuberculosis, to halt excessive menstruation, and to curtail internal bleeding of the organs, bruises, contusions, and hematoma. The ti plant may also be used for treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, arthritis, fever, and measles. As a gargle, it is effective against tooth and gum disease, bleeding gums, and halitosis.

Preparation: Tea

Tongkot Ali

Eurycoma longifolia

Plaa Lai Phueak

Action: Antiparasitic, Antipyretic, Antitussive, Aphrodisiac, Bitter Tonic, Male Tonic, Stimulant

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Root

Internal Application: Traditionally, tongkat ali is used in Thai herbalism for treatment of colds, cough, fever, and low immunity. In other areas of Southeast Asia, it is used in a manner similar to ginseng as a male potency enhancer and aphrodisiac. The Wat Po texts mention the root as a remedy for poisoning, fever, dysentery, sunstroke, internal infections, tuberculosis, and as a topical application for skin parasites.

Preparation: Decoction. Drink morning and evening.

Toothbrush Tree, Siamese Rough Bush

Streblus asper

Khoi

Action: Analgesic, Antiparasitic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Antitumor, Appetizer, Astringent, Carminative, Digestive, Laxative, Tonic

Taste: Toxic

Part Used: Leaf, Stem, Wood

Internal Application: The toothbrush tree seed is a longevity tonic for the four elements. It is also a carminative and appetizer, used to stimulate digestion and combat flatulence. The bark of the stem has antidiarrheal and antipyretic properties, and is often used to combat dysentery and other cases of diarrhea accompanied by fever. Infusion of the toothbrush tree leaf is a laxative and is also taken to treat all varieties of bone disease. The heartwood is traditionally dried, cut into small pieces, wrapped in dried banana leaves, and smoked for treatment of inflamed nasal passages.

Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: The toothbrush tree, as its name would suggest, is a popular traditional remedy for tooth and gum disease. It is also applied topically to kill ringworm and other skin parasites. Another common usage is for topical treatment of hemorrhoids. Preparation: For application to the mouth, make decoction by boiling a handful of bark with water and a pinch of salt; gargle 3-4 times daily. Or, make powder from dried bark; brush teeth and gums with powder. For application to the skin, mash fresh or dried bark with mortar and pestle. Mix with hot water to make paste; apply to affected areas. For hemorrhoids, mix paste with oil, cook. Let cool, and apply to affected area.

Note: This plant has recently been shown to have antitumor properties. Although it is not traditionally used to treat this disease, toothbrush tree is currently being studied as a treatment of cancer.

Turmeric

Curcuma longa

Khamin

Action: Alterative, Analgesic, Anthelmintic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipruritic,

Antirheumatic, Antiseptic, Antitussive, Astringent, Blood Tonic, Carminative, Cholagogue, Digestive, Emmenagogue, Hepatic, Stomachic, Tonic, Vulnerary

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Rhizome, Leaf

Internal Application: Turmeric is related to ginger and galangal, and shares some of the properties of these plants. Turmeric is used as a digestive stimulant and is often used as an adjuvant with preparations for gastrointestinal complaints, as it aids in treatment of flatulence, peptic ulcers, indigestion, irritable bowel, and gastritis. It is said to lower blood sugar and is therefore used for diabetes and hypoglycemia. Turmeric is also a remedy for cough, arthritis, chronic back pain, and painful or blocked menstruation. Turmeric leaves may be used as an antidote for food poisoning and for treatment of hepatitis, as it has a detoxifying effect on the blood, digestive tract, and liver, and regulates the body’s secretion of hormones.

Preparation: Decoction from fresh rhizome or fire-roasted leaves. Drink after meals. The rhizome can also be dried and powdered. Take 500 mg powder with honey 4 times daily, with meals and before bed. Juice can also be extracted from the fresh rhizome. Young shoots and flowers are sometimes steamed and eaten with chili sauce.

Topical Application: The turmeric rhizome relives itching and swelling, and has a slight antiseptic effect. It therefore can be used topically on insect bites, rashes, allergic reactions, hives, and superficial wounds. It is also used as an anti-inflammatory for bruises and sprains. Preparation: Mash fresh rhizome with mortar and pestle, or use powder. Mix with small amount of water to make paste; apply to affected areas.

Turkish Rhubarb, Chinese Rhubarb

Rheum palmatum

Action: Alterative, Anthelmintic, Antiemetic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Cardiac, Carminative, Cholagogue, Emmenagogue, Laxative, Nervine, Purgative, Stimulant, Stomachic

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Root, Stem

Internal Application: Turkish rhubarb is well known in Eastern and Western herbalism. In large doses, it is an effective laxative, used traditionally in Thailand for treatment of constipation and flatulence and for detoxification of the colon. In lesser doses, Turkish rhubarb is used as an astringent to treat diarrhea and as a hemostatic to stop internal bleeding, bloody vomit, blood-shot eyes, and hemorrhoids. It is considered to be beneficial for the heart and brain, and is a stimulant for the production of bile. Rhubarb is also used in Western herbalism to treat nausea and blocked or irregular menstruation.

Preparation: Make powder from dried roots, stalks. Take 1 tsp dose for laxative; 1/4 tsp dose for other complaints. Use 1/4 tsp ginger or licorice as adjuvant to prevent stomach cramping. Caution: While the roots and stalks of most rhubarb are edible, the leaves are poisonous.

 

Safflower

Carthamus tinctorius

Dawg Kum Foy

Action: Alterative, Antirheumatic, Cardiac, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Laxative, Male Tonic, Tonic, Stimulant

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Flower, Seed

Internal Application: Dried safflower is a tonic, especially for the heart and the circulatory and nervous systems. Because of its beneficial effect on the circulation, it is used to treat cases of male sexual dysfunction and to encourage regularity in cases of blocked, irregular, or painful menstruation. The flower is used as a calmative in cases of stress, anxiety, and panic attacks. It is also an effective therapy for colds, arthritis, and constipation. The seed is a purgative and expectorant, and may also be used to encourage menstruation and to lower cholesterol.

Preparation: Tea from 1 tsp dried flowers. Drink twice daily.

Topical Application: Safflower is used topically as an antibacterial, as well as to ease inflammation, arthritis, pinched nerves, and sciatica.

Preparation: Oil from the seeds is mixed with equal parts vegetable oil and alcohol. Massage affected parts with oil, or add to compress.

Salet Phangphon

Clinacanthus nutans

Action: Antipruritic

Part Used: Leaf

Topical Application: A tincture of salet phangphon (pronounced “sah-let pang-pon”) is used topically to soothe skin ulcers, herpes, allergic rash, hives, shingles, burns, insect and snake bites.

Preparation: Mash 10-20 fresh leaves with mortar and pestle. Soak in alcohol for 1 week, stirring daily. Strain; apply tincture as needed to affected areas. For snake or poisonous insect bite, use 20-30 leaves, pounded with alcohol. Apply paste immediately to bite for 30 minutes.

Sandalwood Tree

Adenanthera pavonina

MaklamTah Chang

Action: Alterative, Anti-inflammatory, Antipruritic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Bitter Tonic, Blood Tonic, Hemostatic, Refrigerant, Sedative

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Wood, Essential oil

Internal Application: Sandalwood is taken internally to treat fever and to detoxify the blood. It is used by Hill-Tribes to revive unconscious patients and as a tonic.

Preparation: Decoction of wood.

Topical Application: Sandalwood paste is used by many in South Asia as a topical refrigerant. In many places, a small smudge is applied over the third eye or on the forehead to cool the entire body and to lessen sweating. These smudges have taken on religious symbolism in India and are used to differentiate different Hindu sects. Sandalwood paste is not used in this way in Thailand, although sandalwood oil is a frequent ingredient in soaps, shampoos, and fragrances, all of which have the same cooling effect on the body. Sandalwood may also be applied to dermatitis, herpes and infection, and inflammation of the skin.

Preparation: The Ayurvedic recipe for sandalwood paste calls for 4 oz (120 grams) sandalwood powder in 1 pint (500 ml) water. Let sit overnight. Combine with 1 pint (500 ml) coconut oil and cook without boiling over a low flame until water has evaporated.

Sarapee

Ochrocarpus siamensis (synonym Mammea siamensis)

Action: Blood Tonic, Cardiac, Tonic

Taste: Aromatic

Part Used: Flower

Internal Application: The sarapee flower is used as a tonic for the heart, blood, and circulatory system. It is especially recommended as a longevity tonic for older adults.

Preparation: Drink tea, or add to sauna or steam bath.

Satinwood

Orange Jasmine, China Box Tree Murray a paniculata

Kaew

Action: Anti-inflammatory

Part Used: Leaf

Topical Application: A tincture of satinwood is used topically as an anti-inflammatory. It soothes sprains, joint pain, bone pain, contusions, toothaches, and swollen, painful insect and snake bites.

Preparation: Mash 15 leaves with mortar and pestle. Soak in alcohol 3-5 minutes; strain. Apply tincture to affected areas on skin or mouth.

Sea Holly

Acanthus ebracteatus

Ngueak plea mo

Action: Antiseptic, Diuretic, Tonic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: The leaf of the sea holly is combined 2 parts to 1 with black pepper as a longevity tonic. The seed is anthelmintic. The juice is used as a hair tonic. The whole plant is a diuretic used to treat kidney and bladder stones.

Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: The whole plant is used as a topical antibacterial.

Preparation: Poultice

Sea Salt

Glaur Talay

Action: Antiseptic, Laxative, Purgative

Taste: Salty

Internal Application: Sea salt is used in Thai medicine as a gargle for mouth sores and infections. A sea salt solution may be drunk twice daily as a laxative, to purge the digestive system of excessive mucous, and to encourage drainage of lymph. The same solution may be used as a disinfectant eyewash, gargle, nasal wash, or enema, and may be swallowed and vomited up to remove mucous or foreign matter from the stomach.

Preparation: Drink 3 tbs sea salt in 1 pint (500 ml) lukewarm water.

Sensitive Plant

Mimosa pudica, Mimosa hispida

Naiyaraap (M. pud lie a), Rangap (M. hispida)

Action: Analgesic, Diuretic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: The whole plant is decocted and taken internally by many Hill-Tribes as a diuretic for kidney dysfunction and/or stones. Sensitive plant also is used in the Thai tradition to treat anemia, jaundice, and emaciation. The root is a remedy for dysentery. A tincture in alcohol is used to lower high blood sugar levels.

Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: Sensitive plant is used topically for aching muscles.

Preparation: Poultice or hot compress.

Sesame Seeds

Sesamum indicum

Nga

Action: Antirheumatic, Demulcent, Emmenagogue, Emollient, Laxative, Nutritive Tonic

Taste: Oily

Part Used: Seed, Oil

Internal Application: In Thai medicine, sesame seeds are recommended dietary supplements for sufferers of joint problems, tooth decay, and bone weakness. Sesame promotes strength and increases body warmth and is therefore a nutritive tonic as part of the daily diet. As a demulcent, sesame seed is also taken in cases of cough, constipation, hemorrhoids, and painful or blocked menstruation.

Preparation: Eat seeds raw or dry-roasted, or use sesame oil. Seeds or oil may be added to salads, vegetables, and other dishes as an alternative to less-beneficial oils such as peanut or vegetable-based oils frequently used in Asian cuisine.

Shorea

Shorea roxburghii

Phayom

Action: Astringent

Part Used: Flower

Internal Application: Shorea flowers are used to treat diarrhea, bloody stool, or other excessive discharge.

Preparation: Flowers can be eaten raw or steamed with chili sauce. They are frequently eaten with fried eggs or in the hot and sour soup called “kaeng som.” Shorea is also a typical ingredient in betel-nut preparations, which are chewed as a general stimulant in many areas of South Asia.

Soap Nut, Soap Berry

Sapindus rarak

Makham Dee Khwai

Action: Antiparasitic, Antipruritic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Bitter Tonic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Seed, Fruit

Internal Application: The seed of the soap nut tree is traditionally used for treatment of fever and food poisoning, and is considered to be a bitter tonic. The Wat Po texts mention the pulp of the soap nut fruit as an antibacterial used in making ear drops.

Topical Application: The soap nut fruit was at one time used in South Asia as a natural soap and still is an ingredient in natural herbal soaps and shampoos. In Thailand, the soap nut is used medicinally to counter itching of the skin such as in the case of allergic reactions, hives, rashes, and dandruff. It is also used as a skin tonic and as a remedy for ringworm.

Preparation: Make decoction from 4-5 de-pitted and crushed fruits. Apply decoction to skin or scalp twice daily.

Aganonerion polymorphum

Somlom

Action: Digestive, Laxative, Stomachic

Taste: Sour

Part Used: Root, Leaf

Internal Application: Decoction of the root is used to treat abdominal cramps, intestinal pain, stomachache, indigestion, irritable bowel, and gastritis. The leaf has a laxative effect as well and has a tangy lemon-like flavor that tastes great in soups or curries.

Preparation: Decoction of root. Eat leaves raw or cooked. A traditional rural recipe for a delicious laxative soup calls for somlom leaves stewed with galangal, garlic, and chili peppers.

Star Anise, Chinese Anise

Illicium verum

Poy kak

Action: Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Carminative, Digestive, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Sedative, Stomachic

Taste: Hot and Sweet

Part Used: Seed, Pod

Internal Application: Anise is mainly a digestive and stomachic used to counter flatulence, indigestion, irritable bowel, gastritis, and other stomach or intestinal cramping. It is gentle enough to use safely with children and infants. Star anise is a useful cold remedy for cases of dry cough, congestion, flu, and sore throat. As an expectorant, it is especially useful in cases of bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory infections. It is an excellent remedy for insomnia and promotes regular menstruation.

Preparation: Make tea with 3-4 star-shaped pods, or 1 tsp dried seeds. Drink after meals.

Stevid, Sweet Leaf

Stevia rebaudiana

Yaa Wann

Action: Adjuvant

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: This leaf is a native of Brazil and Paraguay but is currently grown widely in South East Asia and China as a sugar substitute for diabetics, hypoglycemics, and weight-conscious individuals. By weight, it is up to 300 times sweeter than sugar but has virtually no calories. Diabetics and hypoglycemics should always use stevia as a sweetener in herbal teas rather than honey or sugar, as it does not cause spikes in blood sugar.

Preparation: Use the dried and powdered leaf as you would use sugar. Alternatively, a sweetening syrup may be made by boiling stevia in a small amount of water. Use up to 1 gram per day.

Sting-Roy

Pla Kraben

Action:Female Tonic, Nutritive Tonic

Taste: Salty

Part Used: Tail of  Dasyatis bleekeri

Internal Application: The meat of the sting-ray’s tail is prized for its tonic properties in a way similar to the blue crab (see Blue Crab). It is typically eaten by children to prevent a host of childhood illnesses and by new mothers for tonification of uterus and other female reproductive organs after pregnancy.

Preparation: Eat steamed.

Sugar Apple, Sweet Sop, Custard Apple

Annona squamosa

Noinae

Action: Antiparasitic

Taste: Toxic (leaf, seed), Sweet (fruit)

Part Used: Leaf, Seed

Internal Application: A popular fruit in northern Thailand, the sugar apple is used medicinally for treatment of lice.

Preparation: Grind 8-12 seeds or 15 g fresh leaves to a powder. Mix 1 part powder with 2 parts coconut oil. Apply to hair, and wrap with cloth. After a half hour, wash thoroughly. Repeat once a day for 2-3 days to kill lice and eggs. This preparation may also be used to kill ringworm and other skin parasites.

Caution: This preparation is toxic and is an irritant to the eyes and other mucous membranes. Use with care.

Sugar Cane

Saccharum spp. Oi Daeng

Action: Adjuvant, Antitussive, Demulcent

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Various types of sugar and their uses follow

Internal Application: Sugar cane (S. officinarum) is commonly available from vendors in the streets of South Asia. Whereas in India, traveling cane-presses allow a thirsty visitor to enjoy a fresh-squeezed glass of juice, in Thailand, iced sugar cane is sold in bite-sized chunks. The cane is chewed, and the woody pulp is spat out when the juice has been extracted. Any way it is eaten, there are few things more pleasurable on a hot sticky day than fresh sugar cane.

Traditionally, sugar is added as an adjuvant to herbal teas to soothe the throat and to make the taste more palatable. Different types of sugar will be added depending on the symptoms. Fresh sugar cane juice is added to treat fever, sore throat, cough, congestion, bladder infections, urinary tract infections, low energy, low immunity, chronic disease, chronic fatigue, and emaciation. Raw, unrefined sugar is added to herbal teas that treat fever and lymph problems. Rock sugar is added to treatments for fevers, colds, and sore throat. Juice of the black sugar cane (S. sinense) is a diuretic used in remedies for kidney disorders and venereal diseases.

Preparation: Sugar cane juice can be extracted with a press specifically made for that purpose or can be bought in cans or bottles at Asian groceries. If using granulated sugar, only use raw, unrefined sugar (such as Turbinado or “Sugar in the Raw”™). Never use common white or brown sugar, which have no medicinal qualities. For medicinal use of black sugar cane, take juice of 70-90 g fresh cane or 30-40 g dried, 3 times daily before meals.

Sugar Palm

Arenga spp. Dtao

Action: Adjuvant, Demulcent

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Sap

Internal Application: Palm sugar, also known as jaggery, is added as an adjuvant to herbal teas that treat colds, sore throat, and congestion.

Sulfur

Gum Matun

Action: Antiparasitic

Taste: Toxic

Topical Application: Sulfur paste is applied topically to fungal infections, acne, ringworm, scabies, and other skin parasites. It is also commonly used in Thailand to treat mange on dogs.

Preparation: Apply paste topically on affected areas. Powder may be applied dry or with petroleum jelly.

 

Railroad Vine, Goat’s Foot Creeper

Ipomoea pes-carprae

Phakbung Talae

Action: Antipruritic

Part Used: Leaf

Topical Application: Railroad vine is applied topically to soothe insect bites, inflammation, allergic reactions, hives, and rashes. It also relieves the painful sting of jellyfish.

Preparation:found leaves with mortar and pestle. Mix with a bit of water or alcohol to make paste. (If for jellyfish stings, use distilled vinegar.) Strain, and apply liquid topically to affected areas.

Rangoon Creeper

Quisqualis indica, Quisqualis densiflora

Lep Mue Naang

Action: Anthelmintic

Taste: Toxic

Part Used: Seed

Internal Application: Rangoon creeper is a purgative traditionally used to expel tapeworms and other intestinal parasites. It is recommended for children, as it is not too strong for their digestive tracts.

Preparatiomlbe kernels must be extracted from dried ripe seeds. Boil kernels in water (adult dosage 5-7 seeds, children 2-3). Strain; drink water before breakfast. Or grind dried kernels; mix with fried eggs.

Caution: Take only with cold water. Warm water may cause nausea.

Reishi Mushroom, Lingzhi Mushroom

Ganodarma lucidum

Hed Lhin-Jeu

Action: Hepatic, Tonic

Part Used: Mushroom caps

Internal Application: Reishi mushroom can be found in any herb market in Thailand. It has long been prized in Thai medicine, and is one of the most revered herbs in China. Reishi is traditionally used to tonify chi(energy), and to enhance the immune system. It is commonly used in rebuilding therapies, to strengthen and revitalize after illness, and during changes in the seasons. It has been shown to possess antiviral and antibacterial action, and to support cardiovascular and liver function. In China, it is also used to combat altitude sickness and to enhance athletic performance. This herb is also used to treat cancer, diabetes, hypoglycemia, hypertension, and chronic heart disease.

Preparation: Decoction

 

Pineapple

Ananas cososus

Sapparot

Action: Anti-inflammatory, Antitussive, Blood Tonic, Diuretic, Expectorant, Female Tonic, Hepatic, Nervine, Nutritive Tonic, Stomachic

Taste: Sour

Part Used: Fruit, Rhizome

Internal Application: The rhizome of the pineapple plant is a diuretic recommended for those suffering from kidney diseases, kidney stones, bladder infections, and urinary tract infections. Pineapple fruit juice is recommended for inflammatory internal diseases, diseases of the liver, and cough or cold with congestion. It is a nutritive tonic for convalescence and is said to detoxify the entire system. It is also recommended for diseases

of the uterus and for post-partum tonification and strengthening of the female reproductive organs. The fruit juice is used in treatment of depression, and due to the vitamin content, has an especially beneficial effect on the brain and nervous system. The Hill-Tribes take pineapple juice to treat stomachache and use it topically on warts, rashes, and dermatitis.

Preparation: Eat fruit raw, or drink juice. Pineapple shoots and fruit are used in curries, soups, and stirfries.

Plantain

Plantago major

PhakKaatNam

Action: Alterative, Antitussive, Astringent, Demulcent, Digestive, Diuretic, Expectorant, Hemostatic, Stomachic, Vulnerary

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: The fresh juice from the whole plant is drunk as a diuretic to treat bladder or urinary tract infections and kidney stones. It is an expectorant to help clear up cough, laryngitis, sore throat, and any other respiratory problems. It soothes digestive problems, peptic ulcers, and gastritis. As an astringent, it is used to counter mucous or blood in the stool, sputum, or vaginal discharge.

Preparation: Drink 1-2 cups of fresh plantain juice daily.

Topical Application: Apply fresh juice to dermatitis, sores, wounds, insect bites, and allergic skin eruptions. Hill-Tribes use a poultice of plantain over broken bones, and chew the plant for toothache.

Plumbago, Leadwort

Plumbago zelyanica (White Leadwort), Plumbago rosea (Rose Leadwort), Plumbago indica (Indian Leadwort)

Chettamuun Phloeng Khaao (White Leadwort), Chettamuun Phloeng

Daenng (Rose Leadwort, Indian Leadwort)

Action: Blood Tonic, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Female Tonic, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Root, Bark

Internal Application: As it stimulates the Fire element and warms the body, the root of either type of plumbago is used as a carminative to stimulate digestion and as a diaphoretic. The root and/or bark of the plumbago may be used to treat cases of blocked or infrequent menstruation and to increase female fertility, although it is also an abortifacient, and should never be taken during pregnancy. Plumbago is also used to detoxify the blood and is prized by some Hill-Tribes as a general longevity tonic. The root of the rose leadwort is also used to treat hemorrhoids. The aerial parts of either plant are used in treatment of kidney disease, kidney cramps, and accompanying back pain.

Preparation: Decoction.

Caution: Plumbago may cause miscarriage and should be strictly avoided by pregnant women.

Pomegranate

Punka granatum

Tubtim

Action: Alterative, Anthelmintic, Antipyretic, Astringent, Galactogogue, Refrigerant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Astringent (fruit), Toxic (root bark)

Part Used: Fruit, Root

Internal Application: Fresh pomegranate juice is an astringent and a refrigerant, and is used to lower the body’s temperature in cases of fever. The rind of the pomegranate is a strong astringent used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, blood or mucous in the stool, and food poisoning. The bark of the root is effective in purging tapeworm and other intestinal parasites. The Wat Po texts mention pomegranate flowers as a tonic to improve the quality of breast milk.

Preparation: For diarrhea, prepare decoction by boiling dried rind of V4 fruit in 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water with a pinch of quicklime. Take once or twice daily. For purgative, decoction of root bark may be taken in the morning for up to 10 days. For dysentery and chronic diarrhea, use the famous “Five Parts” recipe: young leaves, fruit, flowers, stem and root. Always use cloves with pomegranate as an adjuvant to lessen the unpleasant side effects such as headache and/or nausea that occur at proper dosage.

Topical Application: Fresh pomegranate juice may be used topically as an astringent and antifungal, or as a gargle for sore throat or mouth sores.

Preparation: The entire fruit (without the peel) may be liquefied in a blender and strained. Apply juice directly to affected areas.

Caution: Large doses of root bark may be toxic.

Pomelo

Citrus maximus

Som Oh

Action: Antipruritic

Taste: Sour

Part Used: Leaf

Topical Application: Pomelo fruit looks like a huge green grapefruit. The rind is thicker, and the pulp is much larger, but the flavor is similar to the pink grapefruits we know in the West. Pomelo fruit is eaten by itself or mixed with roasted garlic, onions, chili, and peanuts to make a tangy and delectable salad. Decoction of the leaf of the pomelo is used for dandruff and dry, brittle hair. It may also be added to the sauna for the same purposes.

Preparation: Decoction, steam bath, or sauna.

Pumpkin

Cucurbita moschata

Fak Thong

Action: Anthelmintic, Aphrodisiac, Diuretic, Tonic

Taste: Bland

Part Used: Seed, Root

Internal Application: Stewed with coconut milk and palm sugar, sauteed with red curry paste, or stir-fried with Chinese vegetables, pumpkin is a common ingredient in Thai entrees and sweets. The seeds are used traditionally in Eastern and Western herbalism to purge tapeworm and other intestinal parasites from the gastrointestinal tract. The Thai system holds pumpkin root to be an aphrodisiac and tonic.

Preparation: Fire roast 60 grams of seeds. Mash with mortar and pestle. Mix seeds with 500 ml water or milk. Drink 73 of this mixture 3 times at intervals of 2 hours. After final dose, follow up with a laxative such as castor oil or other laxative herbs found in this collection.

Note: This pumpkin is closely related to the jack-o-lantern pumpkin, C. pepo, which may be substituted where necessary.

Purple Alhltnanda, Laurel-Leaved Thunbergia

Thunbergia laurifolia

Rang Juad

Action: Antiallergic, Antipyretic, Blood Tonic, Carminative, Digestive, Diuretic

Taste: Bland

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: Purple allamanda is most commonly used in the Thai tradition as a detoxifying agent. It purifies the blood and is therefore used as an antidote to all kinds of poisonous food or chemicals. Some Hill-Tribes prescribe it for poisonous snake or insect bites. Its detoxifying properties make it the preferred treatment of hangovers, and it is prescribed daily for countering the cirrhosis associated with alcoholism. Purple allamanda is also useful in treating indigestion, flatulence, diarrhea, mucous or blood in the stool, and intestinal parasites. It is also prescribed as a remedy for fever, allergies, and asthma, and is recommended for diabetes and hypoglycemia, as it reputedly lowers blood sugar. This plant is mentioned in the Wat Po texts as a remedy for vomiting in infants, for blocked or irregular menstruation, gonorrhea, sores on the tongue and mouth, as a diuretic, and as a poultice for burns. Preparation: Decoction.

 

Opium Poppy

Papaver somniferum (synonym: Papaveris somniferi)

Fin

Action: Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Astringent, Diaphoretic, Expectorant, Nervine, Sedative, Stimulant

Taste: Toxic

Part Used: Flower, Seed

Internal Application: While opium addiction and narcotics trafficking are two of Thailand’s most pressing social problems, the opium poppy has long been held in esteem by traditional herbalists for its potent medicinal effects. Taken internally, opium is one of the most effective natural anesthetics, and it is traditionally employed to these purposes in rural Thailand where modern anesthetics are unavailable. In small doses, opium is a mild stimulant. In larger doses, it is used as a temporary calmative in severe cases of anxiety or panic attacks. Opium is also mentioned in the Wat Po texts as a very effective remedy for cough, diarrhea, dysentery, rectal bleeding, and hemorrhoids. The seeds of the poppy, commonly available commercially in the West, have an astringent effect and are taken to treat diarrhea and dysentery.

Preparation:The juice of the poppy flower head is extracted by incision. The juice is dried to make resin and is then smoked, eaten, or applied topically. The seeds of the poppy are dry-roasted and ground to a fine powder to be taken by the teaspoon.

Topical Application: A poultice of opium resin is used topically as a local analgesic for management of pain and soothing of muscle spasms. It may be applied to the temples to alleviate headache.

Caution: This herb is presented here in the context of traditional Thai herbalism. The dangers of overdose and addiction are such that the use of opium poppy is not recommended by the author of this collection.

Oroxylum

Oroxylum indicum

Phae Kaa

Action: Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Antirheumatic, Antitussive, Astringent, Expectorant, Female Tonic, Stomachic, Vulnerary

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: Oroxylum bark tea is used traditionally as a uterine tonic after childbirth. It is also used in treatment of diarrhea, arthritis, and measles. Oroxylum seeds and bark are prescribed in cases of sore throat and cough, especially when accompanied by chills, fever, or other cold symptoms. The root, stem and bark is an antidiarrheal and a tonic for the four elements. This herb is extremely popular among the Hill-Tribes, who use it for treatment of indigestion, stomachache, inflammation, kidney and bladder disease, spleen disease, malaria, and cancer.

Preparation:Make decoction from 100 grams bark in 172 pints (750 ml) water; take 1 tbsdose 2 times daily for 7-8 days. Or simmer 2-3 grams dried seeds in 1 pint (500 ml) water for 1 hour; strain; drink decoction in 1 day separated into 3 doses after meals. The young leaves may be eaten raw, and the green pods are sometimes added to curries to aid in digestion.

Topical Application: The Hill-Tribes apply a poultice of oroxylum to broken bones, burns, rashes, dermatitis, cuts, wounds, and muscle pain.

Caution: Oroxylum acts as an abortifacient and should be strictly avoided by pregnant mothers.

Otaheite Gooseberry, Star Gooseberry

Phyllanthus acidus

Ma-yom

Action: Antipyretic

Taste: Sour

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: Otaheite gooseberries are traditionally eaten for cases of fever, chronic thirst, and measles.

Preparation: Eat fruit raw, dipped in a mix of salt, sugar, and chili. The raw leaves may be eaten as well.

Oyster

Huynarom

Action: Carminative, Digestive, Diuretic

Taste: Salty

Part Used: Shell of Ostrea spp.

Internal Application: Ground oyster shells are a traditional treatment for kidney stones, flatulence, and indigestion. Due to the high calcium content of the shell, it is also recommended as a dietary supplement for those with bone disease or fractures.

Preparation: Oyster shell is readily available in capsule form in most vitamin and herbal supplement stores.

Pandanus, Screw Pine

Pandanus tectorius, Pandanus odoratissimus

Toey Hawm

Action: Antipyretic, Cardiac, Carminative, Digestive, Diuretic, Expectorant

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Root, Flower

Internal Application: The male pandanus flower is a tonic for the heart. The root is a diuretic used to help expel kidney or bladder stones. It also reduces fever, mucous congestion, and relieves indigestion and flatulence.

Preparation: Decoction.

Papaya

Carica papaya

Malakor

Action: Anthelmintic, Antioxidant, Antirheumatic, Antitumor, Cardiac, Digestive, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Laxative, Nutritive Tonic, Stomachic, Vulnerary

Taste: Hot (seed), Sweet (fruit)

Part Used: Seed, Fruit, Leaf, Root

Internal Application: Papaya is a digestion stimulant which aids in assimilating food due to the large amount of the enzyme papain present in the fruit. The enzyme is so effective that, in many parts of the tropics, tough meat is soaked overnight in a marinade that contains papaya pulp or juice as a tenderizer. Papaya also contains large quantities of vitamins A and C, well known antioxidants. The fruit of the papaya is eaten both ripe and unripe. While the unripe fruit is a digestive, the ripe fruit and the seeds are mild laxatives taken medicinally to treat constipation, indigestion, flatulence, and cramping of the intestines. Papaya seed, with a powerful spicy flavor, is also used to purge dysentery and other parasites of the gastrointestinal tract. The root is a diuretic used to treat venereal diseases such as gonorrhea. Papaya is recommended as part of the daily diet for cases of arthritis, allergies, asthma, hypertension, chronic anxiety, influenza, toothaches, and cancerous tumors. Either the seeds or the fruit may be taken as a general tonic for low immunity, low energy, chronic fatigue, and wasting diseases.

Preparation: Eat papaya fruit in the morning on an empty stomach, or take 1 tsp seeds after meals.

Topical Application: The leaf of the papaya is used topically on wounds, skin ulcers, and other sores, as it cleanses and speeds healing. Papaya rind is also used in preparations for skin and hair.

Preparation: Bruise leaves with mortar and pestle; apply topically to affected areas.

Paracress, Spilanthes

Spilanthes acmella

Phak Khraat Hua Wan

Action: Analgesic, Antiemetic, Antipyretic, Antirheumatic, Antiseptic, Appetizer, Carminative, Digestive, Stomachic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: Paracress tea is a digestion stimulant. It is useful in cases of flatulence, nausea, and vomiting, and is also prescribed for fever, arthritis, and gout. Mixed with vinegar, it makes a mild antiseptic for mouth sores and sore throat. The stems are also chewed for toothache and are sometimes given to children with speech disorders such as stuttering. Paracress is said to cure these problems, as well as paralysis of the tongue and general weakness of the mouth.

Preparation: Tea. For toothache, stems and flowers may be pounded with a mortar and pestle, mixed with a pinch of salt, and chewed.

Peppermint

Mentha piperita, Mentha cordifolia, Mentha arvensis

Saranae

Action: Analgesic, Antiemetic, Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Aphrodisiac, Appetizer, Carminative, Cholagogue, Diaphoretic, Digestive, Expectorant, Nervine, Refrigerant, Sedative, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot and Aromatic

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: Peppermint tea is a general digestion stimulant and is the preferred treatment for stomach spasms or pains, nausea, abdominal cramps, indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastritis. Tea or inhalation is prescribed to treat cough. Peppermint has a calming effect on the nervous system, and the vapor is used with success in the treatment of nervousness, insomnia, and stress-related or migraine headaches.

Preparation: Tea or inhalation 2-3 times daily. Drink tea after meals.

Note: M. piperita is preferred over the other two varieties, as its effects are stronger.

Oenanthe stolonifera

Phak Chee Lom

Action: Antiemetic, Antipruritic, Antitussive, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Purgative

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: Phak chee lom is used in decoction as a carminative to treat asthma, cough, and bronchitis. It is a diaphoretic which detoxifies the skin through inducement of sweating. It is considered to be a purgative with no laxative action and is also used to counter nausea and vomiting.

Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: This plant is used in the traditional sauna or steam bath for treatment of skin infections, allergies, and hives. Preparation: See Chapter IVfor more information.

 

Neem

Azadirachta indica

Sadao

Action: Alterative, Anthelmintic, Antiemetic, Antihistamine, Antiparasitic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Bitter Tonic, Blood Tonic, Expectorant, Stimulant, Stomachic, Vulnerary

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: The neem tree is a natural pharmacy in and of itself, and is prized by the Thai system, the Ayurvedic tradition of India, and indeed throughout Asia, as an essential source of herbal medicine. The bark of the stem is used as an astringent to treat dysentery and diarrhea. The bark of the root is used as an expectorant, a bitter tonic, and an antimalarial. The heartwood effectively treats nausea, vomiting, and parasites, and is used to calm chronic anxiety and stress, and delirium due to high fever. The fruit is an astringent anthelmintic which treats intestinal parasites, hemorrhoids, and malaria. The young shoots, leaves, and flowers are used as a bitter tonic for detoxification of blood, for treatment of vomiting, stomach pain, indigestion, fever, and malaria. Decoction of these parts is also a general internal antibacterial, antiviral, and diuretic used frequently treat dysentery, diarrhea, and parasites. Chewing the stems is said to stimulate the appetite, and the Wat Po texts mention the seed as a mild stimulant and as a treatment for poisoning.

Preparation: Decoction can be made from any part of the neem. Alternatively, the northern Thais make a delicious appetizer by stirfrying the flowers and leaves with chili sauce.

Topical Indication: The young stems of the neem tree are used throughout South Asia as a toothbrush. The ends of the stem are chewed until fine and stringy, and are then rubbed against the teeth and gums to cleanse and stimulate. Neem oil is used in natural toothpaste preparations and may also be used as a mouthwash or gargle on a daily basis. It is an antiseptic for mouth sores, gum disease, oral infections, and abscesses. (See mouthwash and tooth powder recipes in Herbs in Cosmetics) Due to its antibacterial properties, the oil of the neem tree is a common additive to soap, and may also be dropped into the ear canal to treat infections. Applied to the skin, the leaf, seed, and/or oil cures fungal infections, eczema, acne and scabies, lice, ringworm, and other skin parasites, and may safely be used as a vaginal douche for infections. Hill-Tribes use neem for dermatitis, rash, and warts. Neem oil is often used in cosmetic skin preparations to enhance skin tone, elasticity, and youthfulness. It is also an effective insecticide.

Preparation: Essential neem oil may be added to fragrance-free skin lotion or to olive oil. Use 5% — 10% neem oil. Neem tea for use as a mouthwash can be made with fresh stems or pure essential oil, but be sure to dilute well, as the flavor is intensely bitter. The tea may also be used as a hair rinse, vaginal douche, or skin toner. (for additional ideas.)

Night Jasmine, Coral Jasmine

Nyctanthes arbortristis

Kanika

Action: Antipyretic, Appetizer, Cholagogue, Laxative, Tonic

Taste: Aromatic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: While not properly a species of jasmine, the night jasmine has many of the same medicinal properties as Jasminum officinale. The flower is used to treat fever and vertigo, and was used traditionally to make a saffron-colored dye used for monks’ robes. Decoction of the stem relieves headache. The leaf is a cholagogue, stimulating appetite and enhancing digestion by increasing the production of bile. The root is a laxative and a tonic which balances the four elements.

Preparation: Mash fresh flowers, leaf, and/or root with mortar and pestle, adding a bit of water to make a paste. Strain; take liquid 1-3 times daily before meals. Flowers may also be added to sauna or steam bath.

Notli, Indian Mulberry

Morinda citrifolia

Yo Baan

Action: Alterative, Analgesic, Antiemetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Antitumor, Digestive, Emmenagogue, Nutritive Tonic, Stomachic

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: In Thailand, the unripe noni fruit is traditionally used as a digestive and to counter nausea and vomiting. This fruit is widely known throughout the Pacific islands, however, as a universal panacea, and its popularity is growing worldwide. Noni has been used successfully for treating colds, tuberculosis, flu, asthma, indigestion, gastritis, chronic constipation, and internal parasites, as well as for bladder, kidney, and urinary tract infections and disease. It is a rich source of vitamin C and other antioxidants, and is used as a nutritive tonic to boost the immune system. The noni fruit is also a tonic for the respiratory system, controls high blood pressure, treats diabetes and hypoglycemia, and has been shown to retard the growth of tumors and cancerous cells. In modern Thailand, it is used as a daily tonic in the treatment of cancer, HIV-AIDS, hepatitis, and other severe diseases.

Preparation:Thinly slice unripe fruit and fire roast. Decoction from 2 handfuls of roasted fruit in 1 pint (500 ml) water. Drink as necessary while symptoms persist, or take daily as a tonic. The raw fruit may also be substituted for papaya when making Som Tarn. The young leaves and shoots are frequently steamed and eaten with chili or added to soups and curries.

Nutgrass, Sedge Root, Musta

Cyperus rotundus

Ya Haew Moo

Action: Alterative, Analgesic, Anthelmintic, Antipyretic, Antispasmodic, Astringent,

Carminative, Cardiac, Diaphoretic, Digestive, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Hepatic, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Rhizome

Internal Application: Taken daily, nutgrass is a tonic for the liver and heart, a digestion stimulant, and an aid against hypertension. It is extremely useful in cases of blocked or infrequent menstruation, menstrual cramps, and PMS. In the Thai tradition, it is used to treat fevers, especially those that occur during menstruation. It is also commonly used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, stomach or intestinal cramps, irritable bowel, gastritis, indigestion, flatulence, colds, flu, and congestion.

Preparation: Pound 1 handful rhizome with mortar and pestle. Make decoction, or eat pulp with honey. Use ginger as an adjuvant.

Nutmeg

Myristica fragrans

ChanThet

Action: Antipyretic, Antispasmodic, Aphrodisiac, Appetizer, Astringent, Blood Tonic, Carminative, Digestive, Male Tonic, Nervine, Pectoral, Sedative

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Wood, Seed

Internal Application: The seed kernel is properly called nutmeg, while the membrane that covers the kernel is called mace. Nutmeg is used in small quantities in Thai cuisine as an appetizer, digestive, and carminative. It is added as a spice to food to enhance assimilation of food, lessen flatulence, and correct sluggish digestion. Nutmeg is also considered to be a tonic for the blood and a sedative with muscle relaxant qualities. According to Ayurvedic tradition, nutmeg calms the mind and cures insomnia, incontinence of urine, and premature ejaculation. In larger doses, it is strongly hallucinogenic and has been used in some areas of the world as a psychoactive drug. Mace is not used medicinally by the Thais, but it is a popular condiment. Decoction of the wood is a lung and liver tonic.

Preparation: Add a pinch of nutmeg to food or tea.

Note: Use only a pinch of nutmeg at a time, and avoid overdose, as nutmeg may be fatally poisonous in large doses.

Nyang Plaamoo

Acanthus ilicifolius

Action: Antipyretic, Diuretic

Part Used: Root, Trunk, Leaf

Internal Application: This plant is a diuretic used to help expel kidney and bladder stones, and is also an antipyretic for fevers, especially those associated with skin symptoms such as measles, chicken-pox, and scarlet fever.

Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: This plant is used topically for skin eruptions, boils, leprosy, and fevers.

Preparation: Poultice

 

Mandarin Orange

Citrus reticulata

Som KhiewWahn

Action: Adjuvant, Antiemetic, Antioxidant, Carminative, Digestive, Expectorant, Nutritive Tonic, Stimulant, Stomachic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Rind

Internal Application: Mandarin orange is an Asian variety, similar to a tangerine, which remains green when ripe. Orange rind is a rich source of the antioxidant vitamin C. It is a tonic for energy and immunity, stimulates the senses, and is useful as an adjuvant herb in treatments for colds, nausea, flu, and digestive problems. Due to its vitamin content, mandarin rind is also a powerful antioxidant beneficial for the eyes, brain, and immune system.

Preparation: Decoction.

Mango

Mangifera indica

Mamuang

Action: Antioxidant, Blood Tonic

Taste: Sour

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: There are many varieties of mango in Thailand, some of which are eaten ripe, and others of which are considered to be best while still green. The mango fruit is high in vitamin C and is therefore an antioxidant and immunity booster. It is recommended as a blood purifier and as a part of the daily diet for the elderly, anyone with chronic disease, smokers, and those who live in polluted areas.

Preparation: Mango is eaten ripe or unripe, dipped in a mixture of salt, sugar, and cracked red chili peppers.

Mangosteen

Garcinia mangostana

Mangkhut

Action: Antirheumatic, Antiseptic, Astringent

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Rind

Internal Application: One of the most popular fruits in Thailand, the mangosteen is a sweet white fleshy fruit encased in a thick purple rind. The rind is mentioned in the Wat Po texts as an astringent used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and hemorrhoids. Powder from the rind is also traditionally used to counter food poisoning, food allergies, and arthritis.

Preparation: Decoction from dried rind of 1 fruit. Drink every 3 hours while symptoms persist. To make powder, flame-roast skin of 1 fruit; grind finely with mortar and pestle.

Topical Application: A poultice of mangosteen rind may be used topically as an astringent to cleanse cuts, wounds, and other skin infections.

Marijuana, Cannabis

Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica

Action: Analgesic, Antiemetic, Antispasmodic, Hypnotic, Sedative, Stomachic

Taste: Toxic

Part Used: Leaf, Bud, Young Shoot

Internal Application: In the Thai tradition, marijuana is used mainly as an analgesic and sedative to control pain. It is well known in the Western herbal traditions as a treatment for nausea and glaucoma, and small doses are sometimes used in both systems for calming the nervous system, combating severe nausea, and stimulating the appetite.

Preparation: Eat in food, or make tea.

Caution: Marijuana has been shown to possess highly carcinogenic effects when smoked, and is therefore recommended medicinally only as a tea or powder. Marijuana also affects the balance of hormones throughout the body and should not be used on a long-term basis. Marijuana should be avoided completely by those with hormone imbalances, and by individuals attempting to conceive.

Mawaeng

Solatium trilobatum, Solatium indicum Mawaeng Krue (S. trilobatum), Mawaeng Ton (S. indicum)

Action: Antitussive, Bitter Tonic, Diuretic, Expectorant

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: The unripe mawaeng fruit is used as a bitter tonic and as an expectorant for treatment of cold, cough and congestion. The ripe fruit has the same properties and is additionally eaten as a treatment for diabetes and hypoglycemia. Decoction of the root is a diuretic and expectorant.

Preparation: Pound 5-10 fresh fruits with mortar and pestle. Soak in water with a pinch of salt; strain. Sip as needed throughout the day. Or chew fresh fruits slowly to extract juice. Don’t swallow solid parts. The ripe or unripe fruit may also be cooked with chili or in curries.

Milk

Nom Poung

Action: Adjuvant, Demulcent, Emollient, Nutritive Tonic

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Cow’s milk

Internal Application: Milk is mainly used internally as an adjuvant to enhance demulcent herbal remedies. It is a nutritive tonic and may be used in preparations to counter low energy, low immunity, and emaciation, and to build strength in children, the elderly, and those convalescing from disease or injury. Milk should not be used for illnesses with excessive congestion, as it thickens mucous.

Topical Application: Powdered milk is mainly used in the Thai tradition as a topical treatment for dry or scaly skin.

Preparation: Mix with hot water to make paste; apply to skin. May also be dry-dusted on the body before sauna or steam bath.

Monkey Jack, Barhai

Artocarpus lakoocha

Mahaat

Action: Anthelmintic

Taste: Toxic

Part Used: Wood

Internal Application: Monkey jack is a potent anthelmintic used traditionally for the elimination of tapeworms and other intestinal parasites.

Preparation: Boil small pieces of wood, skimming foam that collects on top of the water. Dry foam in the sun, and crush to make a yellowish powder. Take 3 g powder before breakfast with cold water or lemon juice. Follow up 2 hours later with a laxative such as castor oil or another of the laxative herbs found in this collection.

Note: Use only cold water. If this remedy is taken with hot water, nausea or vomiting may result.

Mulberry

Moms alba, Moms nigra, Moms indica

Bai Mon

Action: Anthelmintic, Antipyretic, Antitumor, Antitussive, Aphrodisiac, Carminative, Laxative, Purgative, Sedative

Part Used: Bark of Root, Leaf

Internal Application: As a laxative, mulberry root bark is used to counter constipation, indigestion, and flatulence. It is prescribed for fever, cough, and in cases of anxiety, stress, or nervousness. It is also said to be an aphrodisiac. Mulberry root bark has been shown to have tumor-shrinking properties and is therefore being researched for treatment of cancer. A tea of mulberry leaves is a popular Thai tea with immune-boosting antioxidants and anticancerous alkaloids. In larger doses, it is used as a purgative to expel tapeworms and other intestinal parasites. A decoction of the leaves is diluted and used as eye drops for conjunctivitis, sties, and other eye infections.

Preparation: Tea from dried leaves, decoction of root bark, or grind dried root bark to make powder. Take V2 tsp dry or with hot water.

Caution: The unripe fruit of the mulberry is poisonous.

Mush

Kee Cha Mod

Action: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antitumor, Aphrodisiac, Emmenagogue, Stimulant, Tonic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Musk is obtained from the glands of the male musk deer (Moschus moschiferus).

Internal Application: Musk is a stimulating tonic, particularly for the brain, central nervous system, and circulatory system. It is recognized as an aphrodisiac by many cultures around the world, and is therefore often used in perfumery. In the Thai tradition, musk is commonly taken medicinally as a stimulant for the nervous system and in larger doses to revive cases of fainting, unconsciousness, or coma. It is also used both internally and topically to combat tumors, to reduce swelling, and as a general analgesic.

Preparation: Musk is dried, powdered, and usually taken in pill form, ranging in dosage up to .1 gram.

Caution: Musk is an abortifacient and may cause miscarriage. It should be strictly avoided by pregnant women.