Lacquer Tree

Rhus verniciflua

Rac

Action: Analgesic, Antirheumatic, Astringent

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: The lacquer tree is the source of a dark dye used traditionally for dying robes and for ink. Tea from the leaves of the lacquer tree is used traditionally to treat diarrhea and intestinal parasites such as dysentery.

Preparation: Make tea.

Topical Application: A poultice can be made to apply topically to joint pains and arthritis. Preparation: Mash leaves with mortar and pestle. Mix with water to make paste; apply to affected area.

Lemon

Citrus limonum (synonym: Citrus limon)

Manow

Action: Adjuvant, Antiseptic, Antitussive, Astringent, Carminative, Expectorant, Refrigerant

Taste: Sour (fruit), Bitter (rind)

Part Used: Juice of Fruit, Rind

Internal Application: Lemon juice is a common ingredient in cold-care treatments and is frequently added to teas to complement other herbs. Lemon juice is used to treat colds, cough, headaches, fever, arthritis, and jaundice.

Preparation: Drink a half cup (125 ml) juice diluted in water, or add to hot herbal tea. Decoction may also be made by steeping rind in boiling water.

Topical Application: Lemon is also used topically and orally as an astringent and antibacterial wash for treatment of sores. It may also be used immediately on burns as a refrigerant.

Preparation: For topical use, apply juice directly to the skin.

Note: It is said that lemon is also useful in repelling snakes. Some rural Thais keep lemon wedges by the door at night to ward off these intruders.

Lemongrass

Cymbopogon citratus

Ta khrai

Action: Antiemetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antitussive, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Digestive, Diuretic, Expectorant, Refrigerant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot and Aromatic

Part Used: Stem

Internal Application: The lower part of the lemongrass stalk (technically the rhizome) is white in color and possesses the strongest flavor. This part of the lemongrass is a common ingredient in Thai soups and curries. Lemongrass tea is used as a therapy for colds, congestion, fever, cough, sore throat and laryngitis. As a hot herb, lemongrass is also useful as a digestion stimulant in cases of flatulence, indigestion, and constipation. Lemongrass is also used to counter stomach pains, nausea, vomiting, and back pain. Lemongrass is used by Hill-Tribes as a general tonic, for bone and joint pain, and topically for sprains, bruises, and sore muscles.

Preparation: Finely chop or pound with mortar and pestle 3-4 fresh stalks; make tea. Take 3 times daily before meals.

Licorice

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Cha AimTead

Action: Antitussive, Demulcent, Diuretic, Expectorant, Laxative, Pectoral, Stimulant

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Root

Internal Application: Licorice root is most commonly used in the Thai tradition in cold remedies, as well as for flu, cough, congestion, and fever. It is useful for soothing mucous membranes and may be used in cases of stomach pain, peptic ulcers, sore throat, laryngitis, lung disease, and bronchial infections. As a diuretic, it is also useful against infections and disorders of the bladder and kidneys, kidney stones, diabetes, and hypoglycemia. Licorice is a general stimulant, with a particular effect on the circulatory system and the heart. It increases blood pressure and stimulates the heart muscle. In the Western traditions, licorice is used as a laxative to counter flatulence and constipation and is gentle enough in small doses to be safe for children and infants.

Preparation: lea from 1 tsp dried powdered root in 1 cup (250 ml) water.

Caution: Licorice is a hypertensive and may not be appropriate for people with high blood pressure.

Lime

Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus acida

Ma Nao

Action: Antitussive, Appetizer, Astringent, Blood Tonic, Carminative, Digestive, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Refrigerant, Stomachic

Taste: Sour (fruit), Bitter (rind), Bland (root)

Part Used: Juice of fruit, Rind

Internal Application: In traditional Thai herbalism, the kaffir lime is almost always preferred because of its stronger medicinal effects. However, when it is unavailable, the common lime may be used. Like the kaffir, the common lime is useful for treatment of colds, congestion, and cough. It is a digestion stimulant which alleviates flatulence and indigestion. Lime juice is considered to be a blood tonic and is used to promote regularity in the case of blocked or infrequent menstruation. The Wat Po texts mention lime leaf as a remedy for asthma, epilepsy, parasites, blood diseases, fevers, poisoning, headache, cough, mucous congestion, sore throat, and mouth sores. The juice is mentioned as a cure for cough and cold, and as an appetizer. The root is mentioned as a cure for dysentery, gonorrhea, and fever.

Preparation: For stomach discomfort and indigestion, take decoction from rind 3 times daily. See Special Medicinal Recipes, for specific remedies, and for more information on herbal compresses. For cough and cold, use juice of 1 fruit diluted in herbal tea or warm water, with honey and a pinch of salt. Sip throughout the day. Dried fruit may be sucked as a lozenge.

Long Pepper

Piper retrofractum, Piper longum, Piper chaba

Dee Plee

Action: Antitussive, Carminative, Demulcent, Digestive, Expectorant, Female Tonic, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: The dried unripe fruit of the long pepper (a locally occurring relative of the black pepper) is commonly used as a spice in pickling and is a popular remedy used to treat colds, cough, and congestion, as well as for stimulating digestion in the case of indigestion or flatulence. It is used to treat any type of stomachache or cramps, and is also effective against diarrhea. The fruit is a tonic for the four elements, and is used to tonify the uterus after childbirth by encouraging uterine contraction.

Preparation: Soak 1 fresh fruit in water with lemon juice and salt. For stomach discomfort or indigestion, boil 10-12 dried fruits 10-15 minutes in 1 pint (500 ml) water. Drink 1/2 glass 3 times daily after meals.

Caution: Long pepper may be an abortifacient and should be strictly avoided by pregnant woman.

Longan

Euphoria longana

Lamyai

Action: Blood Tonic, Female Tonic, Nervine, Nutritive Tonic, Sedative

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: Related to the lychee, the longan berry is one of the most celebrated fruits of Northern Thailand, and a yearly festival is held in its honor every August in the town of Lumphun. The longan is a refreshing summer fruit, and iced longan juice helps to take the edge off an over-heated day. The longan is a nutritive tonic familiar to Chinese herbalism, and a powerful tonic for the brain, senses, memory, and blood. It is especially beneficial for women post-partum, as it is beneficial for the female reproductive system. In both sexes, it is a calmative recommended for insomnia, heart palpitations, stress, anxiety, and vertigo.

Preparation: Eat fruit raw or dried, or make juice with fresh fruits.

Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus niruri

Loog Thai Bai, Bahupatra

Action: Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Appetizer, Bitter Tonic, Blood Tonic, Diuretic, Hepatic, Sedative, Stomachic, Vulnerary

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: Loog thai bai (pronounced “lewk tye bye”) is one of the most useful bitter plants in the Thai pharmacopoeia. It is very beneficial for the kidneys and liver, and is held to be an excellent daily tonic for diabetes and hypoglycemia. It has a calming effect on the circulatory system, lowering blood pressure in the case of hypertension, and relieves stress, nervousness, insomnia, and anxiety. As a bitter tonic, loog thai bai is prescribed for any type of liver disease such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, and for cases of jaundice. As an effective diuretic, it is used to treat inflamed kidneys, gall stones, prostate disease, gout, diseases of the pancreas, gonorrhea, venereal disease, excessive or frequent menstruation, as well as cases of infrequent or painful urination. Loog thai bai is also a tonic for the stomach, easing stomach pains and increasing the appetite. It is frequently prescribed in cases of fever and back pain, and has been shown to be of use as a daily tonic for blood detoxification in cases of AIDS and other blood diseases. The Wat Po texts also mention loog thai bai as a remedy for vomiting in infants, and for malaria and flatulence.

Preparation: Powder made from dried plant, taken dry or in hot water. Dosage: 1 gram. For daily consumption as a bitter tonic, make tea from roots, stalks, and leaves. Drink 3 times daily.

Topical Application: Loog thai bai may also be used topically to as an antibacterial and vulnerary for wounds, sores, inflammations, or skin infections.

Preparation: Mix powder with a small amount of water to make a paste. Apply directly to affected area.

Lotus

Nelumbo nucifera

DokBua

Action: Aphrodisiac, Astringent, Cardiac, Female Tonic, Nervine, Nutritive Tonic, Sedative

Taste: Aromatic (flower), oily (seed)

Part Used: Flower, Seed

Internal Application: The lotus is revered across Asia wherever Hinduism and Buddhism predominate, and it is the most sacred plant in Thailand. Lotus flowers can be found growing on the grounds of most temples, universities, and government buildings. They are commonly given to monks by the devout as symbols of reverence and are positioned prominently upon Buddhist altars across Thailand. The lotus is symbolic of the human soul’s transmigration through life. Growing in swamps, the plant begins its life-cycle under muddy water, slowly breaking through to the surface, where it blooms. Similarly, in the Buddhist and Hindu belief system, the soul is reincarnated again and again in the “mud” of the world, until it breaks through to the surface and blooms in Enlightenment.

Lotus may be eaten in a variety of ways. Seeds are used in many traditional Thai desserts. The bulbs are sliced and added to soups and curries, or are candied and eaten with crushed ice and lotus syrup. The seed of the lotus is used in Thai medicine as a general nutritive tonic, especially during pregnancy. As part of the daily diet, the seeds are beneficial for skin, bones, muscles, and joints. Lotus seed is a cardiac tonic recommended in cases of heart disease to strengthen the heart muscle. Inhaled, the vapor of the flower calms the nervous system, promoting a clear and peaceful mind. Lotus stamen may also be taken internally as a remedy for dizziness and nervousness.

Preparation: For medicinal use, make powder by grinding dried seeds. Fresh stamens may be taken by the teaspoon, dry or in hot tea, or may be added to steam bath for inhalation.

Bridelia burmanica, Bridelia siamensis, Bridelia ovata

Makaa

Action: Anthelmintic, Cholagogue, Digestive, Laxative, Purgative

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: Decoction of roasted Makaa leaves is taken to treat constipation. It increases production of bile, and therefore is a digestive aid. The Wat Po texts mention makaa as a detoxifying purgative for intestinal problems and parasites and as a remedy for wasting diseases, and chronic illness. It is also considered to ease difficult childbirth.

Preparation: Roast 15 fresh or dried leaves, then boil with salt. Drink in the morning or before bed.

Caution: Unroasted leaves may cause stomach pain and nausea.

 

Jackfruit

Artocarpus integrifolia, Artocarpus heterophyllus

Kanoon

Action: Demulcent, Nutritive Tonic

Taste: Oily

Part Used: Seed, Root

Internal Application: The jackfruit is an enormous fruit which often grows up to 3 feet in length. The heartwood of the jackfruit tree is used by monks in rural Northeastern Thailand’s Forest Tradition monasteries to dye their robes. Chips of wood are boiled in water, producing a rich earth-tone dye called “gaen-kanun,” which is held to have remarkable medicinal qualities. In fact, monks of this tradition never wash their robes. Once a week, the robes are re-boiled in jackfruit dye, and are hung to dry in the sun. Robes treated in this manner are said to never smell bad, and monks swear by the protection the dyed robes impart to the skin — such as immunity from fungal infections, skin disorders, and disagreeable body odor.

All over Thailand, the fleshy tulip-shaped segments of the jackfruit are eaten raw when ripe and are cooked in curries when unripe. The seed is a tonic for promotion of general health and invigoration of energy. The seeds are boiled or roasted, and are eaten in curry. As it is a nutritive tonic high in caloric energy, jackfruit seed is especially useful in convalescence, in cases of low immunity, low energy, chronic fatigue, or chronic illness, and in old age. Decoction of the root is used to treat diarrhea.

Jasmine

Jasminum offtcinale

Mali

Action: Alterative, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Cardiac, Emmenagogue, Nervine, Sedative

Taste: Aromatic

Part Used: Flower

Internal Application: Jasmine flowers are considered by Ruddhists to be sacred, and they play a part in any temple ceremony in Thailand. Strung into garlands, they are often hung from the rear-view mirrors of cars as a talisman against misfortune and are placed by devotees at the foot of Ruddha statues as an offering.

Jasmine flowers are common ingredients in the herbal steam baths or saunas. The Wat Po texts prescribe many different species of jasmine for snake bite, smallpox, diarrhea, dysentery, chest pain, fever, convulsions, poisoning, and tetanus. The vapor of Jasminum officinale is a calmative for stress, anxiety, nervousness, and panic attacks. Jasmine inhalations and tea are both beneficial for disorders, diseases, and infections of the eyes, as well as for heart disease, fever, and chronic thirst. Jasmine is being researched for its anticancerous properties.

Preparation: Tea may be made with fresh or dried flowers. For steam-bath and sauna preparations.

Note: There are many species of jasmine that may be used medicinally. See also Arabian Jasmine and Night Jasmine in this collection.

Jewel Vine

Derris scandens

Tao Wan Prieng

Action: Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Diuretic, Purgative

Part Used: Stem

Internal Application: The stem of the jewel vine is a diuretic and a detoxifying purgative with no laxative action. It is best used for mucous congestion, internal infections, severe colds, and dysentery, where antimicrobial action is desired without agitation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Preparation: Decoction from roasted stem.

Topical Application: A poultice from the jewel vine is applied topically to soothe muscular pain or spasms, pulled ligaments, and tendinitis.

Preparation: Mash with mortar and pestle. Apply topically to affected areas.

Caution: Jewel vine contains estrogen-like substances, and long-term use should be avoided. Those with hormone imbalances should not use this herb.

 

Indian Marsh Fleahane

Pluchea indica

Khlu

Action: Diuretic, Tonic

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: Indian marsh fleabane is considered to be an excellent longevity tonic. It is used therapeutically for its diuretic action, especially for cases of hemorrhoids, diabetes, and hypoglycemia.

Preparation: Flame-roast 15-20 leaves until yellow. Make decoction. Drink 3 times daily before meals.

Ironweed

Vernonia cinerea

Seua Saam Khaa

Action: Antirheumatic, Antitussive, Bitter Tonic, Digestive, Emmenagogue, Stomachic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Leaf, Flower, Rhizome

Internal Application: Ironweed is a Thai cure-all and is often used as a detoxifying bitter tonic for daily consumption. It is prescribed in cases of diabetes and hypoglycemia to help control blood sugar and to prevent sores and skin ulcers. It is successfully used as well for colds and respiratory disorders such as cough and asthma, arthritis, urinary tract infections, blocked or irregular menstruation, jaundice, back pain, and beri-beri (or vitamin B1 deficiency). Thais trying to quit smoking drink ironweed tea daily to help overcome the side effects associated with nicotine withdrawal. Ironweed is also a digestive which promotes the natural processes of the digestive system, offering relief from stomachaches and peptic ulcers.

Preparation: Make tea with 1 tsp rhizome or with equivalent amount of leaves and/or flowers. Drink 2 times daily, before meals.

Ironwood

Mesua ferrea

Boun Nark

Action: Antipyretic, Astringent, Blood Tonic, Cardiac, Stimulant, Tonic, Vulnerary

Taste: Aromatic

Part Used: Flower

Internal Application: Tea made from the dried ironwood flower is an astringent used traditionally as a tonic for the four elements. It has a beneficial effect on the blood and heart, and is used in cases of low energy, chronic fatigue, low immunity, hypertension, and fever. Ironwood may also be used in the steam bath or sauna, and the vapor is especially beneficial to the eyes.

Preparation: Make tea from dried flowers, or add to sauna or steam bath.

Ivy Gourd

Coccinia indica, Coccinia grandis

Tam Loeng

Action: Antipruritic, Antipyretic, Purgative, Tonic

Taste: Bland

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: Ivy gourd leaves are taken in decoction as a purgative and as a detoxifier for food poisoning. It lowers fevers and is used by some Hill-Tribes as a tonic for general health and strength.

Preparation: Decoction.

Topical Application: Ivy gourd is applied topically to insect bites, hives, allergic rashes, itching, inflamed wounds, and rashes from poisonous plants.

Preparation: Mash leaves with mortar and pestle. Mix with alumina clay and a bit of water to make a paste. Apply to affected area.

 

Heart-Leaved Moonseed

Tinospora tuberculata, Tinospora crispa

Boraphet

Action: Antipyretic, Appetizer, Bitter Tonic, Lymphatic, Pectoral, Stomachic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Stem

Internal Application: Boraphet (pronounced “borapet”) is used to treat any disease in which fever is the initial symptom. It also stimulates the appetite and is considered to be a bitter tonic especially beneficial for the lungs, bile, and lymphatic system. The Wat Po texts mention boraphet as a cure for intestinal parasites, stomach problems in babies, malaria, eye and ear disease, and for mucous congestion.

Preparation: A foot-long segment of stem (about 30-40 grams) is pounded with a mortar and pestle. Mashed stalks are soaked in water, and strained. Decoction is drunk twice daily until fever is gone. Or one inch of fresh stem is chewed with lots of water 2-3 times daily.

Note: T. baenzigeri, may also be used.

Henna

Lawsonia inermis

Thian King

Action: Alterative, Antiparasitic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Leaf

Topical Application: Powdered henna leaf is widely used in India to dye hair. The fresh leaf may be applied as a topical antiseptic to fungal and/or bacterial infections of the skin and nails. It is also used to treat ringworm and may be used orally as a gargle for mouth and gum disease or infections.

Preparation: Mash fresh leaf with mortar and pestle, mixing with equal quantity of turmeric and a pinch of salt. Make poultice.

Hibiscus, Roselle

Hibiscus sabdariffa

Krachiap Daeng

Action: Antitussive, Carminative, Diuretic, Expectorant, Refrigerant, Tonic

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Flower, Seed

Internal Application: Hibiscus tea or juice is primarily prescribed as a diuretic for cases of gallstones, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections. It is additionally used to treat indigestion, flatulence, peptic ulcer, fever, cough, hypertension, kidney cramps, and back pain. It is high in calcium and therefore is added to the daily diet to treat and prevent tooth and bone deterioration. Hibiscus flower is held to lower blood cholesterol. The seed is also a diuretic, and is a tonic for the four elements.

Preparation:Tea from dried flowers. Drink 3 times daily. Or take 3 g seed daily in powdered form.

Holy Basil, Sacred Basil

Ocymum sanctum

Kaphrao Daeng

Action: Antipyretic, Antirheumatic, Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Laxative, Nervine, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: Holy basil is so called because it is considered sacred in many parts of South Asia. In India, where it is the favored herbs of the Brahmins, it is said to promote spiritual purity and to strengthen the mind. While not necessarily considered sacred in Thailand, this herb is indispensable in cooking and is the primary condiment for most Thai soups and curries.

Holy basil is a common ingredient in treatments for colds and flu. It is the perfect digestive and is a simple remedy for gastritis, irritable bowel, indigestion, flatulence, nausea, and vomiting. As an antispasmodic, it is useful for any stomach or intestinal cramping, including those caused by irritable bowel syndrome, peptic ulcer, gastritis, and pre-menstrual syndrome. Holy basil is also used in treatments for easing headaches, cough, sinusitis, and arthritis. While the herb may be used to combat constipation, the seeds are more effective laxatives. Some Hill-Tribes use basil in the steam bath or sauna for eye infections or pain, and topically as a poultice for fungal infections.

Preparation: Make tea from fresh leaves, flowers, and stalks. Take after meals as a digestive aid. For laxative, soak 2 tsps seeds in water for several hours. Seeds should take up a full glass when fully bloated. Take before bed.

Note: Where 0. sanctum is unavailable, 0. basilicum, or common basil, may be substituted.

Honey

Nam Pueng

Action: Adjuvant, Antitussive, Demulcent, Emollient, Nutritive Tonic

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Raw, unprocessed Honey

Internal Application: Honey has a soothing effect on the throat and is typically used in traditional thai herbalism as an adjuvant, or helping herb, with other remedies, especially treatments of colds, cough, sore throat, and asthma. Raw honey contributes to general strength and well-being, and is therefore used in nutritive preparations for longevity and convalescence, as well as in general tonics. In the case of cough and sore throat, it may be taken by the spoonful as necessary to soothe symptoms.

Preparation: Honey is typically administered with powders or dried herbs, or as a sweetener in herbal tea.

Horseradish Tree, Moringo

Moringa oleifera

Mahum

Action: Antirheumatic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Carminative, Digestive, Hemostatic, Stomachic, Vulnerary

Taset: Hot

Part Used: Bark, Root, Seed

Internal Application: Decoction of the bark of the horseradish tree is a digestion stimulant used traditionally for combating flatulence, indigestion, and bloated stomach.

Preparation: Decoction. The young shoots and flowers may alternatively be steamed and eaten with chili sauce or in soups.

Topical Application: Decoction of the root is a disinfectant and may be used as an astringent to stop bleeding and help promote the healing of wounds. The seeds, when roasted and ground, are made into a poultice for arthritis.

 

Galangal, Ginza, Siamese Ginger

Alpinia galanga, Alpinia offtcinarum, Alpinia nigra

Khaa

Action: Antiemetic, Antiparasitic, Antiseptic, Aphrodisiac, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Digestive, Expectorant, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Rhizome

Internal Application: Galangal is used in Thai medicine in a very similar way to ginger. Ginger is considered to be a superior herb, but galangal is more common in Thailand. Its flavor is distinctive, and galangal is an indispensable ingredient in Thai soups and curries. It is the key ingredient in the Thai national dish, Tom Yam soup. As a hot herb, the galangal rhizome has a stimulating effect on the digestion, and is therefore useful in cases of indigestion, flatulence, and stomachache. It is also recommended for diarrhea, nausea, and seasickness. Galangal is reputed to be an aphrodisiac, although this is probably due to its general stimulating effect on the Fire element.

Preparation: Decoction from one “thumb-length” (or about 5 grams) fresh galangal, finely chopped, grated, or mashed with mortar and pestle. Boil 10-15 minutes; drink after meals.

Topical Application: Galangal has an antiseptic action similar to ginger and may be used topically for bacterial and fungal skin infections, acne, mosquito bites, bee stings, other insect bites, and as a gargle for mouth sores. A. nigra is used for treatment of ringworm and other skin parasites.

Preparation: Mash fresh galangal with mortar and pestle. Add a bit of water to make a paste; apply topically to skin. For treatment of skin parasites, add 1 part galangal to 3 parts alcohol and let sit overnight before applying. For sores within the mouth, gargle with galangal tea.

Gandariil, Plum Mango

Bouea macrophylla

Maprang

Action: Antipyretic, Blood Tonic, Expectorant, Laxative

Taste: Sour

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: Gandaria is a small fruit with flavor similar to a mango but with the appearance of a plum. It is used traditionally as a treatment for fever, congestion of the bronchi, mouth sores, and constipation. It is also used to detoxify the blood.

Preparation: Eat raw fruit.

Garden Balsam

Impatiens, Impatiens balsamica

Thian baan

Action: Antipruritic, Tonic

Part Used: Leaf

Topical Application: Garden balsam leaves are applied topically to eczema, skin ulcers, insect bites, allergic reactions, hives, sores, wounds, and bacterial infection of the skin and nails. The Hill-Tribes use the garden balsam topically for inflammation and low immunity, and internally as a general tonic and as an aid in the delivery of babies.

Preparation: Pound leaves with mortar and pestle. Apply to affected areas 3 times daily.

Garcinia

Garcinia indica, Garcinia cambogia

Som kak

Action: Alterative, Anthelmintic, Antitumor, Digestive

Part Used: Fruit Internal Application: Garcinia aids in weight loss by accelerating the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. It is safe for long-term use and has been the subject of numerous tests in the U.S. and Europe as a natural alternative to chemical weight-loss drugs. It is used in Thailand as a dietary supplement for suppressing the appetite. It is also used traditionally for constipation, edema, intestinal parasites, sluggish digestion, and for increasing body heat. It is being researched for antitumor and anticancerous properties. Preparation: Decoction from dried fruit, or grind dried fruit to make powder.

Garlic

Allium sativum

Krathiam

Action: Alterative, Anthelmintic, Antipyretic, Antirheumatic, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Aphrodisiac, Blood Tonic, Cardiac, Carminative, Cholagogue, Digestive, Diuretic, Expectorant, Hepatic, Refrigerant, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Bulb

Internal Application: Along with ginger, garlic is one of the most useful herbs in Eastern and Western traditions alike. Garlic is one of the most commonly used herbs in Thai cuisine and is a key ingredient in many Thai dishes. (See Chapter III‘for some recipe ideas.) As with most hot herbs, garlic is a digestive with carminative action of particular use in cases of flatulence and indigestion. Hot herbs are also effective expectorants successfully used to fight colds, congestion, asthma, bronchitis, and cough. Garlic is a potent detoxifying agent and is therefore beneficial in fighting liver disease, toxic colon, and in general detoxification of the blood and organs. In large doses, garlic has a purgative effect on intestinal worms and other parasites, and is used to prevent malaria and dengue (it is said that mosquitoes won’t bite one who eats garlic frequently). Other diseases benefited by garlic include arthritis, heart disease, gall bladder disease, fever, and cystitis. Garlic reputedly lowers blood cholesterol, lowers high blood pressure, raises low blood pressure, and is recognized in many cultures the world over as a stimulating aphrodisiac.

Preparation: Eat 2-4 cloves daily raw or cooked in food.

Topical Application: As a powerful antiseptic, garlic may be applied topically to bacterial and fungal skin infections, superficial wounds, dermatitis, and swelling. A few drops of garlic juice in the ears fights ear infections, and in the nose, fights sinusitis. Rubbing the temples with garlic cloves is a classic remedy for relieving headache. Preparation: Mash raw cloves with mortar and pestle; mix with warm water to make a paste, and apply directly to affected areas.

Ginger

Zingiber offtcinale

Khing

Action: Adjuvant, Analgesic, Antiemetic, Anti-inflammatory, Antirheumatic, Antiseptic, Antitussive, Aphrodisiac, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Digestive, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Galactogogue, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Rhizome

Internal Application: Ginger is the quintessential panacea in the Thai herbal pharmacopoeia. As a hot herb, ginger is a powerful stimulant, especially of the digestive tract. It is the herb of choice for stimulation of digestion, and is used to combat flatulence, indigestion, gastritis, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, sluggish digestion, nausea, and vomiting. Ginger tea is also used for colds, congestion, sore throat, fevers, nausea, seasickness, mouth sores, insomnia, heart disease, arthritis, irregular or blocked menstruation, chronic back pain, hemorrhoids, and beri-beri (vitamin B1 deficiency), earning it the reputation as a cure-all. Hill-Tribe healers give ginger tea to mothers immediately following birth to promote health and rapid recovery. Ginger also acts as a galactagogue, encouraging production of breast milk. Ginger is used as an adjuvant in many herbal preparations in order to lessen side effects and increase the potency of other herbs, and is the most frequently used herb in this collection.

Preparation: Decoction from one “thumb-length” (or about 5 grams) fresh ginger, finely chopped, grated, or mashed with mortar and pestle. Boil 10-15 minutes; drink after meals. For cough and cold, add lemon juice.

Topical Application: Ginger has a powerful antiseptic action and may be used topically for bacterial and fungal skin infections, parasites, and acne.

Preparation: Mash fresh ginger with mortar and pestle. Add a bit of alcohol to make a paste; apply topically to skin. For sores within the mouth, gargle with ginger tea and a pinch of salt.

Gingko

Gingko biloba

Gingko

Action: Antioxidant, Antitussive, Astringent, Expectorant, Nervine, Stimulant

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: Gingko improves blood circulation, particularly to the brain, and is commonly prescribed to older individuals to maintain mental acuity through old age and to counter or prevent Alzheimer’s disease and other memory loss. It may also be used by younger individuals to enhance memory and mental clarity, and as a rich source of detoxifying antioxidants. Gingko has also been shown to have a beneficial effect on depression, mood swings, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, stress, anxiety, bronchitis, and can be used to treat varicose veins and other disorders due to chronic circulatory deficiency.

Preparation: Gingko tea should be taken 2-3 times daily for 3 months for noticeable effect. It is often mixed with Gotu Kola in a 1 to 1 ratio.

Ginseng

Panax ginseng

Soam

Action: Alterative, Antiallergic, Antiemetic, Aphrodisiac, Blood Tonic, Cardiac,

Demulcent, Male Tonic, Nervine, Nutritive Tonic, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot and Sweet

Part Used: Rhizome

Internal Application: Ginseng is an example of an herb prized by Chinese medicine that has made its way into the Thai tradition. Almost every sizable grocery store in Thailand has a well-stocked shelf of ginseng extracts and products imported from China or Korea. The extract of the ginseng rhizome is said to be the best longevity tonic for males and is frequently taken by men over 50 on a daily basis. It is held to be a powerful aphrodisiac and a sure cure for impotence, premature ejaculation, and other male sexual dysfunctions. For both sexes, it is a cardiac tonic which helps strengthen the heart and circulatory system, while reducing cholesterol and controlling blood sugar. Ginseng is used as a stimulant for the entire system and to counter low immunity, low energy, chronic fatigue, stress, debility, and emaciation. As a demulcent, ginseng is also useful in cases of nausea, vomiting, sinusitis, hay fever, and other allergies. It is also used to treat blood diseases, irregular menstruation, colds, and bronchial infections.

Preparation: Ginseng extract is the most commonly available form of this herb, although the fresh rhizome is used in some tonic food recipes and decoction can be made with the root. Extract should be taken before breakfast, and should not be taken with caffeine. Dosage differs according to strength of extract, but the average dose is 2-10 ml. Ginger may be used as an adjuvant for heightened stimulating effect.

Golden Shower, Purging Cassia

Cassia fistula

Khuun

Action: Antipyretic, Expectorant, Laxative, Purgative, Stimulant, Tonic

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Seed Pod, Flower

Internal Application: The black, sticky pulp surrounding the seeds of the golden shower is used traditionally as a laxative and expectorant. In larger doses, it is a purgative. Tea from the flower is also a laxative and an antipyretic. Hill-Tribes use the flowers in the steam bath or sauna to treat vertigo, low energy, and fainting, and as a general tonic for health and longevity.

Preparation: Boil 4 g of the pulp of the seed pod with salt. Strain; drink at bedtime. Alternatively, boil seeds in water with salt until soft; eat seeds at bedtime. For more information on steam bath and sauna, see Chapter IV.

GotU Kola, Brahtni, Asiatic Pennywort

Centella asiatica (synonym: Hydrocotyle asiatica)

Bua Bok

Action: Alterative, Antioxidant, Antipyretic, Antirheumatic, Astringent, Bitter Tonic, Blood Tonic, Diuretic, Emmolient, Expectorant, Hepatic, Nervine, Vulnerary

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Leaf, Stem

Internal Application: Gotu kola is primarily a tonic for the nervous system, promoting clarity of thinking, mental calmness, and emotional balance. It is used to treat psychological disorders, chemical imbalances of the brain, memory loss, Alzheimer’s, and epilepsy. It is high in vitamin A and is considered to be an excellent daily tonic for old age. It has an especially beneficial effect on the immune system, veins, liver, spleen, and gall bladder. As a blood purifier, it is also used to counter colds, fever, arthritis, all types of skin diseases, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis, and uterine cancer. Tea made from the fresh leaf is used to treat sore throat, fevers, and diarrhea.

Preparation: Drink tea made from dried leaves and stem once daily for 1 month. Use honey as an adjuvant. Or extract juice from fresh leaves, dilute, and bring to a boil. Sweeten with honey before drinking. Gotu kola is often taken with Gingko (see previous page).

Topical Application: Gotu kola is applied topically to soothe burns and to help in healing wounds. The leaf has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used to treat staphylococcus infections.

Preparation: Mash a handful of leaves with mortar and pestle, adding just enough water to make a paste. Apply to affected areas as needed.

Caution: Excessive doses of gotu kola may cause nausea and/or vomiting.

Green Tea

Camellia sinensis

Cha-keay

Action: Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Astringent, Bitter Tonic, Cardiac, Digestive, Diuretic, Stomachic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: Green tea is possibly the most popular beverage in Asia, although Thailand’s consumption is somewhat less than China’s or Japan’s. Mostly, green tea’s beneficial properties are due to tannins, antibiotic alkaloids that occur naturally in the leaf. In modern times, green tea has been shown to be rich in antioxidants, which seems to confirm its long-standing reputation as a general tonic. Taken regularly, green tea promotes a healthy immune system, protecting against infections and cancers of the respiratory and digestive systems. Green tea has a regulating and alkalizing effect on the digestive system and helps both constipation and diarrhea. In general it is useful as a digestive, although different processing and roasting methods produce differing results. Green tea also is beneficial for blood circulation, aids in disinfecting bacterial infections of the mouth, and protects against tooth and gum disease.

Preparation: Tea

Topical Application: Applied topically, green tea is an anti-inflammatory for burns and skin irritations.

Preparation: Soak leaves in hot water; apply lukewarm leaves to affected areas.

Note: Black tea is made from the oxidized leaves of C. sinensis but does not share all of green tea’s therapeutic qualities.

Guava

Psidium guajava

Farang

Action: Antiseptic, Astringent, Emmenagogue, Laxative, Sedative

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Leaf, Fruit

Internal Application: Guava is most commonly prescribed traditionally for diarrhea because of the astringent qualities of the leaves and unripe fruit. It is also useful to treat cases of blocked or irregular menstruation, and cases of chronic stress or anxiety.

Preparation: Flame-roast 10-15 leaves until yellow in color. Boil in 1 pint (500 ml) water. Take V2cup (125 ml) decoction every 3 hours as needed. Powder may also be made from the unripe fruit by removing the seeds, drying, and grinding. Take 1 tsp dry or in hot water. For a gentler effect, the unripe fruit may also be eaten fresh, dipped into a mixture of sugar, salt, and chili powder. Or unripe guava may be juiced and drunk with a pinch of salt.

Schefflera leucantha, Schefflera venulosa

Hanuman Prasan Kai

Action: Antitussive, Astringent, Hemostatic

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Fresh Leaf

Internal Application: The leaf of this plant is astringent and drying, and is used to treat colds, respiratory tract infections, cough, asthma, and difficulty breathing. It is also employed in cases of cough; blood in the vomit, stool, or vaginal discharge; and internal bleeding for its hemostatic effect.

Preparation: Decoction from 7-8 clusters of leaves. Take twice daily, before breakfast and dinner.

Topical Application: Poultice may be applied topically as a hemostatic to contusions, cuts, and bleeding wounds.

Preparation: Apply topically with poultice or cold compress.

 

False Daisy

Eclipta prostrate, Eclipta alba

Kameng

Action: Alterative, Antiparasitic, Antipyretic, Blood Tonic, Carminative, Hemostatic, Hepatic, Laxative, Tonic, Vulnerary

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: The whole plant of the false daisy is used to treat chest infections, asthma, and bronchitis. It is a carminative used to expel gas from the lower intestines. It is also considered to be a longevity tonic and a tonic for the liver, spleen, and blood, and it is used to treat cirrhosis, hepatitis, and anemia. The leaf and root are used as a laxative. The root is used for cases of flatulence, temporary paralysis, and fainting or feeling of exhaustion post-partum. The juice of the stem is prescribed for jaundice.

Preparation: Decoction

Topical Application: A poultice of the false daisy may be used topically for skin diseases and ringworm. The decoction may be added to olive or coconut oil and massaged into the scalp as a hair tonic to prevent hair loss and early greying. The same oil may also be used as a topical anti-inflammatory.

Finger Root

Boesenbergia pandurata, Boesenbergia rotunda

Krachai

Action: Anthelmintic, Antiallergic, Carminative, Digestive, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Root, Leaf

Internal Application: Finger root is a common ingredient in Thai soups and curries. As a digestive, it is traditionally included in the diet to aid sluggish digestion, flatulence, and indigestion. The rhizome is also used for tooth and gum disease, diarrhea, dysentery, and as a general diuretic. Tea made from the finger root leaves is employed in cases of food poisoning and allergic reactions to food.

Preparation: Mash fresh root with mortar and pestle, and make decoction. Or make powder from dried or fire-roasted root.

Foetid Cassia

Cassia tora

Nha lap meun

Action: Anthelmintic, Antipruritic, Antipyretic, Diuretic, Laxative, Purgative, Sedative

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Seed, Stem, Root

Internal Application: Decoction of foetid cassia seeds is preferred in cases of acute constipation and intestinal worms for its purging action on the bowels. It is also used to calm fevers, to lessen inflammation of the eyes, to lower high blood pressure and cholesterol, as a diuretic, and as a sedative. Decoction of the stem and/or root is also diuretic and may be used topically to stop itching.

Preparation: Roast dried seeds in pan. Make decoction by boiling seeds in 1 pint (500 ml) water. Use 10-13 g seeds for laxative; 5-10 g for diuretic. Fresh leaves may be boiled or steamed, and eaten with chili sauce for milder effect.

 

Ebony Tree

Diospyros mollis

Ma Kluea

Action: Anthelmintic, Tonic

Taste: Toxic (root, fruit); Salty (bark)

Part Used: Root, Fruit, Bark

Internal Application: The fruits of the ebony tree are used traditionally to make a black dye for cloth. Medicinally, they are used to purge the intestines of tapeworms and other parasites. The Wat Po texts mention ebony tree root as a remedy for vomiting and nausea, and the bark as a remedy for emaciation or wasting associated with chronic illnesses.

Preparation: Adult dosage is 25 fruits. For children 10 years and over, the dosage is 1 fruit per year of age, up to maximum of 25. Mash raw fresh fruit with mortar and pestle. Soak in coconut milk. Strain and drink before breakfast.

Caution: Not for use by children under 10 years of age, post-partum women, or anyone with gastrointestinal complaints. Use with caution, as overdose may cause blindness.

Emblic Myrobalatl, Indian Gooseberry

Phyllanthus emblica, Emblica offtcinalis

Ma Khaam Bom

Action: Antioxidant, Antipyretic, Antitussive, Aphrodisiac, Astringent, Blood Tonic, Diuretic, Expectorant, Hemostatic, Hepatic, Laxative, Nutritive Tonic, Refrigerant, Stomachic

Taste: Sour

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: The emblic myrobalan is used traditionally for respiratory afflictions, including colds, congestion, cough, and asthma, as well as for indigestion. The fruit is one of the highest natural sources of vitamin C and is a traditional daily tonic for the brain, nervous system, blood, bones, liver, spleen, stomach, heart, eyes, hair, bones, nails, teeth, and gums. Because of its detoxifying and antioxidant properties, emblic myrobalan is especially beneficial for those with frequent colds, low immunity, smokers, and those who live in polluted environments. In Thailand, the dried, pickled fruits are sold in bags, and are eaten like we in the West would eat prunes. Emblic myrobalan is one of the most commonly used herbs in the Ayurvedic system, employed to increase immunity, regulate the digestive system, and to treat fever, internal bleeding, diabetes, hypoglycemia, gout, gastritis, hepatitis and other liver disease, jaundice, constipation, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, anxiety, stress, chronic fatigue, low immunity, low energy, osteoporosis, and for aiding in convalescence from chronic disease.

Preparation: Two to five raw fruits are mashed with mortar and pestle, salted, and sucked 3-4 times throughout the day. For daily consumption, jellied or pickled fruits are highly recommended. Emblic myrobalan may also be powdered or taken in decoction. Use 250 mg -1000mg.

Note: Thai healers may use Phyllanthus urinaria, called “Yaa Tai Bai,” as a substitute.

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus globulus, others

Action: Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Expectorant, Diaphoretic, Nervine, Pectoral, Stimulant

Taste: Hot and Aromatic

Part Used: Leaf, Oil

Internal Application: Eucalyptus is a popular herbal remedy in Thailand, and it has even become somewhat fashionable among young Thais to carry around a vial of eucalyptus and peppermint oil for frequent sniffing. There are many species of eucalyptus, most of which can be used medicinally. Eucalyptus is an extremely effective treatment for colds, especially those with excessive congestion of the sinus and/or lungs, as well as cough, bronchitis, asthma, sore throat, and other respiratory ailments. Symptoms are relieved by inhalation of the vapors, by tea, or by topical application to chest, throat, and under the nose. Eucalyptus tea is also good for indigestion and fever. Hill-Tribes use eucalyptus tea internally as an analgesic and a cold remedy, and the inhalation to stop nosebleeds.

Preparation: Bruise leaves with mortar and pestle; add to sauna or steam bath, or apply to chest and back with hot herbal compress. Essential oil of eucalyptus may be used as a substitute in most cases, but only if pure. Tea can be made by infusing 2 fresh or 4 dried eucalyptus leaves.

Topical Application: The eucalyptus is one of the most potent antiseptic and antibacterial herbs. Leaves are used topically on ulcers, infections, and sores of the skin, and may be safely applied to burns. A poultice may also be used on sprains, bruises, and sore muscles. A few fresh leaves or a small amount of pure eucalyptus oil may be mixed with warm water and used as a gargle for sore throats, cough, and mouth sores.

Preparation: Mash leaves with mortar and pestle; mix with hot water. Apply directly to affected area. Essential oil of eucalyptus can be used as substitute in topical applications. Apply a small amount directly to the skin with a hot towel.

Caution: Taken internally in large doses, eucalyptus may be poisonous. Take care when using essential oils to adjust dosage.

 

Daeng

Xylia xylocarpa

Action: Antipyretic, Astringent, Female Tonic, Laxative, Pectoral, Tonic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: The flower of the daeng is a cardiac tonic and is also prescribed for fever. The stem-bark is traditionally used to counter fever as well, and is an antidiarrheal. Decoction of the wood is a laxative and is a tonic used to treat uterine, ovarian, and lung diseases and cancers. Either the wood or the stem-bark can be used daily as an astringent to counter internal bleeding and blood in the vomit, stool, or vaginal discharge.

Preparation:Jake decoction once daily.

Damask Rose

Rosa damascena

Kulaap Mon

Action: Alterative, Astringent, Calmative, Carminative, Cholagogue, Emmenagogue, Laxative, Nervine, Refrigerant, Sedative

Taste: Aromatic

Part Used: Flower

Internal Application: Rosewater is a common ingredient in Asian desserts. Hot or cold, rose infusion may be used as a stimulant to counter low immunity, low energy, and chronic fatigue. The tea is a cholagogue, or bile stimulant, which aids in digestion and assimilation of nutrients, and encourages regular menstruation. Rose flowers are added to the traditional sauna or steam bath for eye disorders and infections, and for a relaxing effect on nervous disorders, anxiety, insomnia, tension headaches, and stress.

Preparation: Rosewater can be made by cold infusion of a large quantity of rose flowers in water. Let sit overnight. To make hot rose tea, heat rosewater to temperature without boiling. Ayurvedic herbalists macerate rose flowers in honey, and administer the remedy by the spoonful. This recipe is very soothing for sore throats. For more information on sauna and steam.

Note: Rose Otto essential oil may be substituted for Damask Rose, provided it is 100% pure.

Datura

Datura metel

Lanpong Khao

Action: Antiemetic, Antiparasitic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Antitussive, Expectorant, Nervine, Tonic

Taste: Toxic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: The Wat Po texts mention datura as a remedy for many ailments. Powder from the dried seeds of the datura plant is used in small doses to treat fever and as a cerebral tonic. The flower is dried and smoked by asthmatics as a bronchodilator and also curbs nausea. Decoction of the root is also used to treat asthma, as well as bronchitis and cough. Decoction of the leaves is used traditionally to treat mucous or blood in the stool, and the juice of the fruit is administered in drops to treat infections of the ear.

Topical Application: A poultice made from the seeds of the datura is used topically to treat ringworm and other skin parasites. This poultice, or a decoction from the fresh root, may be used to treat toothache and abscesses. A poultice from fresh flowers is applied to wounds, bruises, sprains, and sore muscles by some Hill-Tribes.

Preparation: Powder from dried seeds; mix with hot water to make paste. Apply to affected areas.

Caution: The old texts warn that small doses improve the memory, but overdose causes insanity. Always use datura with caution, as there are many varieties, some of which are extremely poisonous, and many of which are potent hallucinogens.

 

Calamus, S#weet Sedge, Sweet Flag, Myrtlegrass

Acorus calamus

Waan nam

Action: Antirheumatic, Antispasmodic, Antitussive, Aphrodisiac, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Emetic, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Nervine, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Rhizome

Internal Application: Calamus is a stomachic traditionally used to treat indigestion, heartburn, gastritis, and hyperacidity, as well as to encourage appetite. Like most hot herbs, it is an effective cold cure and decongestant. It is used particularly against cough, lung congestion, asthma, sinusitis, and fever. Calamus is considered to be a beneficial tonic and stimulant for the nervous system, especially the senses and the brain. Ayurvedic tradition prescribes calamus tea for sufferers of typhoid, epilepsy, deafness, and arthritis, and to help expel kidney stones. Taken daily, calamus is said to enhance memory and sexual energy. In Western herbalism, smokers are told to chew the fresh rhizome in order to cause a slight bit of nausea which aids in quitting smoking.

Preparation: Take decoction once daily. Use ginger as an adjuvant with calamus preparations.

Topical Application: Calamus is traditionally applied topically over painful joints and fractured or broken bones.

Preparation: Mash root; apply locally to affected area with poultice or hot compress.

Caution: Calamus should not be used in cases of bleeding disorders, as it thins the blood.

Camphor

Cinnamonum camphora

Ga ra boon

Action: Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antirheumatic, Antiseptic, Antispasmodic,

Antitussive, Bronchodilator, Cardiac, Diaphoretic, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Nervine, Pectoral, Sedative, Stimulant

Taste: Hot and Aromatic

Part Used: Crystals derived from the gum of the tree trunk

Internal Application: Camphor is used in nearly all of the religious ceremonies in India and carries a spiritual connotation throughout the rest of Asia as well. As it burns without leaving any ash, it is commonly considered to be a metaphor for the Enlightened mind, which vanishes into Nirvana without a trace. Camphor crystals are a common ingredient in most Thai saunas, from the traditional hospitals to the modern health clubs.

Camphor is a bronchodilator and a decongestant, and is inhaled to treat colds, congestion, sore throat, cough, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Inhalation of camphor is also beneficial for irregular or blocked menstruation, eye infections, fevers, typhoid, and lung infections. Camphor crystals stimulate the brain, heart, and circulation, but paradoxically have a calmative effect on stress, anxiety, and insomnia. Camphor is therefore listed both as a calmative and a stimulant, and it is used both internally and externally in small quantities for both purposes. The wood of the camphor tree is used as an expectorant and carminative.

Preparation: For more information on inhalation by steam bath or sauna. Only a sprinkle of camphor crystals is necessary to experience the stimulating effects. Dosage for sauna, steam bath, or compress is V2 – 1 tsp. Internal dosage is no more than .05 grams.

Topical Application: Camphor crystals are used topically as an anti-inflammatory for arthritis, sprains, and muscle pain, and as an antiseptic and analgesic on mild cuts, insect bites, and skin infections.

Preparation: Apply crystals topically with hot towel or compress.

Caution: In excessive doses, camphor is a narcotic poison and overdose may cause convulsions.

Candelabra Bush

Ringworm Bush,Cassia alata, Senna alata

ChumetThet

Action: Antiparasitic, Antiseptic, Diuretic, Laxative

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Leaf, Flower

Internal Application: The candelabra bush, like other cassias, is used as a laxative. It is mentioned in the Wat Po texts as a cure for constipation, flatulence, diarrhea caused by intestinal parasites, and blood or mucous in the stools. It is said that it should be “powdered together with zedoary and dusted on the body of a child who is difficult to rear, in order to prevent illness.”

Preparation: Eat two or three fresh flower clusters, lightly steamed, with chili sauce. Or flame-roast 12-15 dried leaves. Make decoction; take before breakfast or at bedtime. For tapeworms or other intestinal parasites, use the “Five Parts” remedy — trunk, root, fruit, flowers, and leaves powdered together.

Topical Application: The leaves of the candelabra bush are used topically as an antiseptic and antiparasitic for treatment of ringworm, fungal and bacterial skin infections, and wounds.

Preparation: Bruise or crush fresh leaves with mortar and pestle, combining with alcohol or lime juice to make paste. Apply topically to affected areas twice daily as a poultice or hot compress. The decoction described above may also be used topically.

Note: Note that candelabra bush leaves may cause nausea and vomiting if the leaves are not fully roasted, and may cause cramping. This plant should not be used for children or patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Overdose may cause damage to kidneys. Prolonged use may cause chronic diarrhea.

Cardamom

Amomum krervanh, Amomum xanthioides, Amomum uliginosum Krawaan (Amomum krervanh),Nan Sao Lowng (Amomumxanthioides), Reo krawaan (Amomum uliginosum)

Action: Antitussive, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Expectorant, Stimulant, Stomachic Taste: Hot

Part Used: Seed

Internal Application: Cardamom is known for its stimulating qualities and soothing effects on the gastrointestinal system. The tea is taken all over the world for flatulence, bloated stomach, sluggish digestion, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastritis. In Thailand, Siamese cardamom and bastard cardamom are used to ease stomach pain and cramping associated with gastritis and indigestion. Cardamom is also widely used as a cough suppressant, as well as to treat colds, bronchitis, asthma, and laryngitis.

Preparation: Make powder from dried seeds. Take 2 tsps in warm water or in herbal tea after meals. For cough, drink tea or suck on whole seeds.

Note: Where these varieties of cardamom are not available, common cardamom (Elettaria cardamom), may be used.

Caricature Plant, Golden Leaves

Graptophyllum pictum

Action: Antipyretic, Blood Tonic, Hepatic, Tonic

Taste: Bland

Part Used: Leaf

Internal Application: The caricature plant is used traditionally to detoxify the system, especially in cases of fever, chronic thirst, measles, or food poisoning. It is considered to be a tonic and detoxifying agent for the liver.

Preparation: Tea. Drink 1-3 times daily.

Cashew

Anacardium occidental

Ma-muang-him-ma-pa,Tua cashew

Action: Expectorant, Nutritive Tonic

Taste: Oily

Part Used: Nut, Leaf, Bark, Flower

Internal Application: Cashew nuts are a common ingredient in Thai appetizers and desserts, and are often stir-fried with chicken and sweet and sour sauce. As with most oily herbs, cashews nuts are recommended by traditional herbalists as a part of the daily diet for those suffering from skin or bone problems, chronic skin infections, dry skin, or frequent allergic rashes. As it is high in caloric energy, protein, and potassium, the cashew nut is a nutritive tonic that gives increased energy and strength, and is therefore beneficial in cases of emaciation, low immunity, low energy, and chronic disease. The young shoots and leaves are eaten raw or in soups, and are expectorants. Decoction of the bark or flower is used to treat diarrhea and dysentery.

Cassod Tree, Siamese Cassia

Cassia siamea

Kee Lek

Action: Antioxidant, Antipyretic, Appetizer, Diuretic, Laxative, Sedative, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Leaf, Shoot, Flower, Wood

Internal Application: The young leaves and flower buds of the cassod tree are often eaten in curries and soups. Medicinally, decoction of the flower or the heartwood is used as a calmative for cases of anxiety, stress, and nervousness. The wood is also used to reduce fever. The flowers and leaves of the cassod tree are used to treat insomnia and as a general tonic high in vitamins A and C. Both are effective laxatives, stimulating digestion and promoting appetite.

Preparation: Decoction from 2-3 handfuls of young shoots, leaves, and/or wood boiled in water with a pinch of salt. Take before bed. For insomnia, a tincture in alcohol is made by soaking shoots and flowers in alcohol for 7 days. Stir frequently. Strain, and take 1-2 tsps at bedtime.

Cassutnunar Ginger

Zingiber cassutnunar

Phrai

Action: Anti-inflammatory, Astringent, Bronchodilator, Carminative, Emmenagogue, Laxative, Vulnerary

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Rhizome

Internal Application: Juice squeezed from the fresh cassumunar rhizome is taken with salt for indigestion, dysentery, diarrhea, inflammation of the intestine, and injury to internal organs. It acts as an emmenagogue, as well as a bronchodilator for treatment of asthma. Some Hill-Tribes use cassumunar ginger to help new mothers recover after delivery.

Preparation: Mash 1 thumb-length cassumunar ginger rhizome with water to make paste. Strain; mix with 1 tbs salt. Drink up to 3 times daily.

Topical Application: Cassumunar ginger is used topically to soothe contusions, sprains, and inflammations of joints and ligaments. Like common ginger, it is also used topically as an antiseptic for wounds, cuts, and skin infections. Mixed with alcohol, it is an effective mosquito repellent.

Preparation: Mash plant with mortar and pestle; add a pinch of salt, and enough water to make a paste. Apply topically to affected areas. Cassumunar ginger is a useful ingredient for hot or cold compresses (see Chapter /l/for more information).

Castor Oil Plant

Ricinus communis

Lahung

Action: Adjuvant, Diuretic, Galactogogue, Laxative

Part Used: Oil pressed from Seed, Leaf

Internal Application: Castor oil is a gentle laxative used in Thailand mainly for the elderly and children, or as an adjuvant to other laxative or purgative remedies. Decoction of the leaf is used to stimulate breast-milk production and to increase urine to aid in expelling kidney and bladder stones and infections. The castor oil plant is used by Hill-Tribes for treatment of indigestion, ear problems, kidney disease, and post-partum recovery.

Preparation: Castor oil can be bought over the counter in most Western countries. Follow directions on packaging.

Topical Application: Castor oil is applied topically to clean wounds, infections, itching, dermatitis, rashes, inflammation, and over broken bones to speed healing.

Note: Use only cold-expressed castor oil internally. Hot-expressed oil is toxic.

Catechu

Acacia catechu

Seesiat

Action: Antiemetic, Astringent, Purgative

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Resin

Internal Application: Catechu resin, known in Thai as “seesiat lao,” is an ingredient in the stimulant betel nut preparations chewed in many South Asian countries. The wood is also used for dying cloth. Medicinally, it is used as an astringent and is most often used for cases of diarrhea. Catechu is also taken in larger doses as a purgative in cases of intestinal parasites, food poisoning, and allergic reactions to food including hives and nausea.

Preparation: For diarrhea, make tea from 1/2 tsp dried powdered resin in a cup (250 ml) of hot water. Drink 3 times daily before meals while symptoms persist. For purgative effect, simmer resin in water to make thick paste. Take 1 tsp paste in hot water.

Topical Application: As an astringent herb, catechu resin is frequently used topically to counteract boils, sores, skin ulcers, and infections

Preparation: Apply dried powdered resin to affected areas.

Cot’s Whisker

Orthosiphon aristatus

Ya Huad Maew

Action: Diuretic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: As a diuretic, cat’s whisker is used to treat kidney disease, gallstones, and gout. It decreases the levels of uric acid and lowers cholesterol in the blood, and is said to be a tonic for the kidneys.

Preparation: Make tea from 4 g dried powdered plant and 1 cup (250 ml) water. Sip all day long.

Topical Application: The whole plant is used topically to treat muscle pain.

Preparation: Bruise plant with mortar and pestle; make poultice. Or use in hot herbal compress.

Caution: Due to high potassium content, this herb may be dangerous for patients with heart disease.

Cayenne

Capsicum frutescens

Prik kheenuu

Action: Alterative, Anthelmintic, Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Cardiac, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Expectorant, Stimulant, Stomachic, Tonic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Fruit, Leaf

Internal Application: As a hot herb, the fruit of the cayenne pepper is useful in cases of colds, flu, and congestion. A stimulant of digestion, it relieves constipation, indigestion, intestinal cramps, irritable bowel, and gastritis, and tends to increase appetite. Cayenne is a circulatory stimulant, used to treat low blood pressure, fainting, and circulatory deficiency. As an antioxidant rich in vitamins A and C, it is useful as a general tonic and detoxifier, and may be used as an adjuvant herb in preparations to boost immunity.

Preparation: Eat chili as a condiment with food. Cayenne leaves or juice of the leaves may be added to soups or curries.

Topical Application: Essential oil of cayenne is frequently used in hot herbal compresses to relax tense muscles. It increases blood supply to skin and mucous membranes.

Caution: Do not use on sensitive skin. Topical application should be of cayenne oil, not the fresh fruits, and should be of low dosage to prevent irritation or blistering of skin. If any irritation results from topical or internal application of cayenne, discontinue use.

Champaca, Champak, Michelia

Michelia champaca, Michelia alba

Champee

Action: Antiemetic, Antipyretic, Blood Tonic, Cardiac, Diuretic, Nervine, Stimulant, Tonic

Taste: Aromatic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: Tea from the champaca flower, like many aromatic herbs, is used to treat fever, chronic fatigue, and low immunity. It is also prescribed traditionally as a tonic for the heart, the nervous system, and the blood. Both the flower and the fruit are diuretic, antiemetic, antipyretic, and are considered to be general tonics for the four elements. The leaf is used for neural disorders, the bark of the stem is antipyretic, and the wood is a menstrual tonic.

Preparation: Tea or decoction.

Topical Application: Decoction of the champaca flower is applied to the temples to relieve headache. Decoction of the dried ground root in milk is applied to abscesses.

Chebulic Myrobalan

Terminalia chebula

SamohThai

Action: Anthelmintic, Antipyretic, Antitumor, Antitussive, Astringent, Blood Tonic, Demulcent, Expectorant, Hemostatic, Laxative, Nervine, Tonic

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: The chebulic myrobalan fruit is a very important herb in the Ayurvedic tradition, and consequently, in the Royal Thai tradition as well. The unripe fruit is a common detoxifying remedy for fever, parasitic infections, spleen disorders, jaundice, skin disease, and allergic reactions of the skin. Chebulic myrobalan corrects digestive disorders and can be used for constipation, diarrhea, dysentery, and intestinal parasites. It also has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, nervous disorders, and cancerous tumors. It is an expectorant used for colds, congestion, cough, asthma, bronchitis, and laryngitis, and an astringent used to halt blood or mucous in stool, sputum, or vaginal discharge. The ripe fruit is astringent, demulcent, and antidiarrheal.

Preparation: Eat fruit ripe or unripe.

Note: This herb is often combined with beleric myrobalan and emblic myrobalan, found elsewhere in this collection.

Chinese Chive

Allium tuberosum

Kui Chaai

Action: Anthelmintic, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Galactogogue

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Leaf, Stem, Seed

Internal Application: The Chinese chive is primarily used traditionally to increase the production of urine in order to treat kidney or bladder stones, dysuria (insufficient or painful urination), and gonorrhea. The leaves of the Chinese chive increase the production of breast milk.

Preparation: Chinese chives are frequently added to soups, curries, and stir-fries. Leaves and flowers may be eaten raw or added to salads.

Topical Application: Chinese chive seeds are used to kill insects which have entered into the ear canal.

Preparation: As you roast seeds, allow the smoke to pass into the ear canal.

Chiretta, Chirata

Andrographis paniculata

Fa Thalaai

Action: Alterative, Antiallergic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Astringent, Bitter Tonic, Blood Tonic, Cholagogue, Hepatic, Stomachic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Leaf, Bud, Young Shoot

Internal Application: Chiretta tea is reputed to be excellent for ailments of the upper respiratory system, including cold with congestion, sore throat, bronchitis, tonsillitis, hay fever, and other allergies. As a bitter tonic, it is particularly stimulating for the liver and increases production of bile. It has a beneficial effect on all liver and gall bladder disorders, as well as diabetes and hypoglycemia. Chiretta is a detoxifying herb, useful in cases of intestinal infection such as dysentery and other diarrhea, and in cleansing the blood. Chiretta is also used to relieve constipation, treat fever, and to reduce blood pressure.

Preparation: Tea from 1-5 handfuls fresh herb. Drink 3-4 times daily. Or powder dried herb; take 1.5 grams 3-4 times daily.

Topical Application: Fresh chiretta stalks are used to treat toothaches and abscesses. Preparation: Chew raw stalks. Or pound leaves with mortar and pestle; mix with a bit of water; apply to affected area.

Caution: In larger doses, chiretta may cause nausea.

Note: A. paniculata is a local species of chiretta. Where it is not available, Swertia chirata (common chiretta) may be substituted.

Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum indicum

Geh Huay

Action: Alterative, Antipyretic, Antispasmodic, Bitter Tonic, Cardiac, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Emmenagogue, Hepatic, Nervine, Sedative, Stimulant

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Flower

Internal Application: Iced chrysanthemum tea is one of the most popular drinks in Thailand, available at any market or restaurant. It is reputed to be a stimulant and tonic for the eyes, liver, heart, and nervous system. Therapeutically, chrysanthemum is used to treat all disorders of the liver and eyes, irregular or blocked menstruation, menstrual cramps, and PMS. It is also said to cure headaches and sore throat, to lower fever, and to calm the mind. It is a mildly bitter tonic, which can be sweetened with any natural sweetener to make a delicious hot or iced beverage.

Preparation: Drink tea 1-3 times daily, hot or iced.

Citichotld, Quinine Bark, Peruvian Bark

Cinchona oficinalis, Cinchona succirubra

Action: Analgesic, Antipyretic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Bitter Tonic, Nervine, Stomachic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Bark

Internal Application: Until the advent of more potent synthetic medications, cinchona was the remedy of choice for malaria. It is still used for this purpose in isolated areas of rural Thailand and throughout South Asia in places where modern drugs and medical attention are unavailable. In smaller doses, cinchona is also useful for cases of influenza and fever, and as a daily bitter tonic to promote health and longevity.

Preparation: Tea. Drink 1-3 times daily.

Caution: In large doses, cinchona may cause headaches, dizziness, or stomach irritation. Cinchona may cause uterine contractions and should be avoided by pregnant women.

Cinnamon

Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Ob Chuey

Action: Alterative, Analgesic, Antiemetic, Antiseptic, Astringent, Cardiac, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Diuretic, Expectorant, Stimulant, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Bark, Leaf

Internal Application: Cinnamon is a stimulant for the kidneys, heart, and circulation, and is especially good in cases of chronic circulatory deficiency, hypotension, and chronic coldness. As a hot herb, cinnamon is used internally as a decongestant for colds and as a digestive against indigestion and sluggish digestion. The tea also counters nausea and vomiting, soothes constipation and gastrointestinal cramping, and promotes regular menstruation.

Preparation: Tea is made from dried cinnamon bark.

Topical Application: Cinnamon bark and leaf is used topically to soothe muscle aches and strains, as well as on the thoracic area to break up colds and congestion. This herb is also a topical analgesic and antiseptic useful for toothaches and mouth sores.

Preparation: Gargle with cinnamon tea, or apply directly to skin. Diluted in olive oil or other base oil, essential cinnamon oil can be applied directly to the skin on affected areas.Cinnamon leaves may also be used for this purpose and are one of the main ingredients in the traditional herbal sauna and compress.

Citronella Grass

Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon winterianus

Ta Khrai Nom

Action: Blood Tonic, Carminative, Diaphoretic, Emmenagogue, Stimulant, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Leaf, Essential Oil, Rhizome

Internal Application: Infusion of citronella leaves is soothing to the stomach and helps counter flatulence, stomachache, indigestion, intestinal cramps, irritable bowel, and

gastritis. The essential oil is also diaphoretic and stimulant, and promotes internal detoxification through encouraging sweating. The rhizome encourages regular menstruation, treats blocked menstruation, and halts excessive vaginal discharge. Citronella is used to induce labor, as it promotes uterine contractions. It also acts as a diuretic.

Preparation: Infusion of leaves or essential oil, decoction of rhizome.

Topical Application: Citronella is a natural insect repellent, and rural Thais place a bowl of pounded citronella leaves under the bed to ward off mosquitoes during the night. Decoction or infusion may also be applied to skin directly as insect repellent. Essential oil may be diluted in water and applied similarly.

Preparation: For insect repellent, apply citronella oil to a diffuser, or to a handkerchief placed over a light bulb. Citronella may be applied to the skin as well. Use 7% essential oil of citronella in 93% alcohol.

Caution: Citronella should never be used internally by pregnant women.

Clove

Syzygium aromaticum

Kan Pluu

Action: Analgesic, Antiemetic, Antiseptic, Aphrodisiac, Blood Tonic, Carminative,

Diaphoretic, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Female Tonic, Lymphatic, Stimulant, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Flower

Internal Application: Like most hot herbs, clove is a digestion stimulant used traditionally to counter flatulence and indigestion. Hot herbs are also effective expectorants and are called for in cases of the common cold, especially with accompanying congestion. Clove is used frequently for this purpose, as well as for cough, bronchitis, lymph problems, and asthma. Clove tea is very effective for controlling nausea and vomiting, and is also used traditionally for lymph disease and uterine disorders. Due to its stimulating effect on the Fire element, clove tea warms the body, combating chronic coldness, hypothermia, chilblains, and frost-nip. The herb is reputed to have aphrodisiac qualities, although this is probably due to a general stimulating effect.

Preparation: Make tea from 3-4 crushed cloves in 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water.

Topical Application: Topically, cloves have an antiseptic and analgesic effect, and they are therefore used both on the skin and in the mouth for sores and cuts. A gargle of tea is also beneficial for sore throat and toothaches.

Preparation: Make tea from 3-4 crushed cloves in 1 cup (250 ml) boiling water; apply topically when lukewarm with towel.

Note: S. aromaticum is a locally occurring clove. Where it is not available, Eugenia caryophyllata (common clove) may be substituted.

Coconut

Cocos nucifera

Ma Phrao

Action: Diuretic, Emollient, Nutritive Tonic, Refrigerant

Taste: Sweet

Part Used: Meat of the coconut

Internal Application: The coconut palm is one of the most useful plants in Thailand. The fibrous husks of the coconut are used to make rope, mats, and brushes. Young green coconuts are prized for their sweet water, while the mature nut is shredded, mixed with hot water, and strained to produce coconut cream. An essential ingredient in Thai curries, coconut cream is frequently eaten as a nutritive tonic in cases of low immunity, low energy, emaciation, and wasting, and coconut milk may be used as a milk substitute for vegans or the lactose intolerant (although not as a replacement for infant formula).

Preparation: To make homemade coconut cream, grate one fresh coconut with a coconut shaver, fish-sealer, or other scraping instrument. Place grated coconut in a pan and cover with boiled water. Let stand until lukewarm. Strain coconut shavings with cheesecloth and set aside. Refrigerate liquid until cream separates. The thick cream will rise to the top of the container where it can be easily scraped off, leaving coconut milk underneath. (Dried grated coconut may be used to extract coconut milk, but will yield very little cream.)

Topical Application: Coconut oil is an indispensable ingredient in cosmetics, as well as cooking. As it possesses emollient properties, it is applied topically to burns, wounds, and skin lesions, to soothe pain and promote healing. Preparation: Slowly mix together 1 part coconut oil with 1 part quicklime. Apply to skin.

Combretum

Combretum quadrangulare

Sa-kae

Action: Analgesic, Anthelmintic

Taste: Toxic

Part Used: Seed, Root, Leaf

Internal Application: Combretum seeds are used traditionally to purge tapeworms and other intestinal parasites. Decoction of the root is used to treat venereal disease, and decoction of the leaves is used to combat narcotic addiction. A poultice from the leaves is used topically to relieve muscular pain. The Wat Po texts further recommend combretum for treatment of bladder stones and abdominal distention.

Preparation: For anthelmintic, grind seeds finely to make powder. Take 1 tsp powder mixed with fried eggs. For other uses, make decoction from fresh or dried plant.

Corkwood Tree, Sesban

Sesbania grandiflora

Khae

Action: Antipyretic, Astringent, Hemostatic

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Leaf, Stem-bark

Internal Application: The bark of the corkwood tree stem is an astringent used to combat diarrhea and dysentery. The fresh leaves are used to treat fever.

Preparation: Decoction from fire-roasted bark or leaves. Fresh flowers, shoots, and young leaves may be steamed and eaten with chili sauce.

Topical Application: Decoction of the stem-bark is used topically on wounds and cuts as a hemostatic.

Crocodile

Jarakae

Action: Bitter Tonic, Blood Tonic, Female Tonic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Bile from gall-bladder of Crocodylus siamensis

Internal Application: Crocodile bile is an expensive but sought-after tonic for the uterus and other female reproductive organs, used immediately following pregnancy. It is traditionally held to be a bitter tonic for longevity and the blood in both sexes and to treat low immunity, low energy, fainting, and vertigo.

Culantro

Eryngium foetidum

Phak-chee farang

Action: Blood Tonic, Laxative, Purgative     Part Used: Leaf, Bud, Young Shoot

Internal Application: The Hill-Tribes use this herb to flavor soups and curries. Medicinally, it is used as a laxative and as a detoxifying purgative for malaria, allergic reactions, and poisonous insect bites. Another species, the Amethyst Holly (amethystinum) is also used for these purposes, as well as for increased immunity, chronic colds, and general longevity.

Preparation: Decoction

Cuttlefish

Pla Muuk

Action: Nutritive Tonic

Taste: Salty

Part Used: Meat of Sepia opp.

Internal Application: Cuttlefish is considered a nutritive tonic which promotes general health and well-being. As a regular part of the diet, it is also said to be a remedy for chronic diseases of the teeth and gums, for mouth sores, acne, and skin diseases.

Preparation: Eat fish steamed or smoked.

 

Bael

Aegle marmelos

Matoom

Action: Antiseptic, Astringent, Carminative, Expectorant, Stimulant, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Fruit, Leaf

Internal Application: The ripe bael fruit is traditionally used as a decongestant for the common cold, especially when there is excessive congestion of the lungs, as well as for tuberculosis and typhoid fever. It is also prescribed for any type of disorder of the intestines, including diarrhea, constipation, flatulence, and dysentery. Bael fruit is used for its stimulating properties in cases of exhaustion and convalescence from chronic disease or injury, but it is said to inhibit sexual energy, and is for that reason drunk by monks at many monasteries. Unripe bael fruit is an astringent, used as an antidiarrheal and as a daily tonic. Juice from the crushed leaves of the bael is given for respiratory infections, and decoction of the stem is said to be a useful antimalarial.

Preparation: Fruit is eaten raw or is sliced, dried, and boiled to make a decoction.

Topical Application: Bael leaves may be used topically as an antibacterial and antifungal for skin infections or wounds.

Preparation: Mash a handful of leaves with mortar and pestle, adding water to make a paste. Apply to affected areas.

Baking Soda

Action: Antacid, Antipruritic

Taste: Salty

Part Used: Baking Soda is powdered sodium bicarbonate.

Internal Application: In the West, we typically use baking soda as a treatment for hyperacidity and indigestion. In addition to this usage, Thai herbalists recommend a teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of warm water as a detoxifying cleanser for stomach, intestines, kidneys, and bladder. Preparation: Take one tsp in lukewarm water.

Topical Application: Baking soda is useful topically on insect bites and stings (especially bee and wasp), rashes, itchiness, and skin irritations. Due to its cleansing and whitening action, it is also a common ingredient in toothpaste and tooth powder.

Preparation: Mix with warm water to make paste. Apply to skin as needed.

Banana

Musa sapientum

Kluai

Action: Astringent, Demulcent, Diuretic, Nutritive Tonic, Stomachic

Taste: Bland

Part Used: Fruit, Root, Sap

Internal Application: There are a 28 official species of bananas in Thailand, with marked differences in size, shape, and flavor. Each has a different name in Thai, although “kluai” is useful as a general term. Some bananas are green when ripe, some are pink, others are mottled brown, and according to traditional Thai cuisine, some are best in coconut milk, some are best raw, and some are only eaten soaked in honey and dried. The flowers of the banana plant are similar in texture to cabbage and are eaten in salads or in curries. The rest of the plant is utilized as well: the roots of the banana plant are converted into mulch, the fibers are woven into twine, and the leaves are used as plates and containers. A common method of cooking is to wrap ingredients such as rice, beans, fish, or vegetables in a banana leaf before grilling or steaming. The banana is also a source of wine, vinegar, cloth dye, and flour. Pureed banana is a popular baby food, and batter-fried bananas are a favorite street-stall snack.

A banana, in botanical terms, is actually a berry. The fruit is high in vitamins A and C, potassium, and carbohydrates, and therefore the ripe fruits are useful for emaciation and wasting diseases. The unripe banana is used traditionally as a stomachic to treat diarrhea and peptic ulcers. The ripe fruit is demulcent, the roots are diuretic, and the sap of the stem is astringent.

Preparation: Eat 1-2 unripe fruits. Raw fruit may also be dried and ground to make powder. Dosage is 3-4 tbs of powder mixed with 1-2 tbs honey. Take 4 times daily, with meals and before bed. Note that this remedy may cause flatulence. Other methods of preparation include decoction of root and sap.

Beleric Myrobalan

Terminalia belerica

Samoh Phipheg

Action: Anthelmintic, Antiseptic, Antitussive, Astringent, Digestive, Expectorant,

Laxative,Pectoral Tonic

Taste: Astringent

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: The beleric myrobalan fruit is a very important herb in the Ayurvedic tradition, and consequently, in the Royal Thai tradition as well. It is considered to be a rejuvenative tonic, a tonic for the lungs, larynx, throat, bronchi, digestive system, and eyes, and to encourage hair growth. The ripe fruit is an astringent to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and other intestinal parasites, but the unripe fruit is a strong laxative, which will correct constipation. Unripe beleric myrobalan fruit corrects all types of stones, parasites, and blockage in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts. It is also an expectorant used to treat cough, sore throat, laryngitis, and bronchitis.

Preparation:Take 250 mg to 1 g powdered dried fruit with honey.

Topical Application: Decoction of beleric myrobalan is a topical antiseptic.

Note: This herb is often combined with chebulic myrobalan and emblic myrobalan, found elsewhere in this collection.

Betel Leaf

Piper betel

Phlu

Action: Antiparasitic, Antipruritic, Antiseptic, Bronchodilator, Expectorant, Stimulant Taste: Hot

Part Used: Leaf

Topical Application: The leaf of the Piper betel is commonly used to wrap a small amount of betel nut (Areca catechu), an addictive stimulant nut chewed by many throughout South Asia. The betel leaf is used topically as an antibacterial and as a treatment for allergic hives, itching, ringworm, and skin parasites. Betel leaf applied topically to the chest acts as a decongestant and bronchodilator and is successfully used in cases of congestion, difficult respiration, asthma, and diphtheria.

Preparation: Mash 3-4 fresh leaves with mortar and pestle, adding alcohol to make a paste. Apply to affected areas 4 times daily for 3-5 weeks. For respiratory ailments, this poultice may be applied liberally to chest and throat as needed while symptoms persist.

Bitter Gourd, Bitter Melon, Balsam Pear

Momordica charantia

Mala

Action: Alterative, Anthelmintic, Antioxidant, Antipyretic, Bitter Tonic, Blood Tonic, Carminative, Cholagogue, Digestive, Hepatic, Laxative, Stomachic

Taste: Bitter

Part Used: Fruit, Leaf

Internal Application: Bitter gourd works powerfully to detoxify the blood and colon. This fruit is commonly used in rural Thailand to fight HIV-AIDS, hepatitis, and cancer, as well as other systemic diseases. It has particularly beneficial effects on diseases of the liver, spleen, and pancreas. The juice of the vegetable is a laxative and antipyretic. Eaten daily as a bitter tonic, steamed bitter gourds are routinely suggested for the elderly, diabetics, hypoglycemics, and those with chronic disease or illness. It has also been shown to increase insulin production and to have anti-carcinogen properties. As it encourages proper digestion, bitter gourd is recommended for sluggish digestion, dysentery, chronic constipation, and flatulence. It is also reputed to be beneficial for poor eyesight and is high in the antioxidant vitamins A and C. Bitter gourd is listed in the Wat Po texts as an appetizer, purgative, anthelmintic, and as a cure for leprosy. It appears in treatments for fever, infections, menstrual problems, hemorrhoids, and constipation.

Preparation: Eat vegetable lightly steamed, preferably with chili sauce. Or drink fresh juice from raw vegetable.

Topical Application: The juice of the bitter gourd can be used topically on the skin and in the mouth as an antiseptic. The leaves are mentioned in the Wat Po texts in topical remedies for tendinitis, swellings, infections, and headaches.

Preparation: Liquefy fresh vegetable in blender or juicer.

Black Bean

Castanospormum australe

Tua Pum

Action: Antirheumatic, Diuretic

Taste: Oily

Part Used: Bean, Pod

Internal Application: Black beans are used traditionally in dietary regimes for arthritis and other joint problems. Black beans also have been shown to help control blood sugar, and thus are recommended for diabetics and hypoglycemics. In Western herbalism, the pod of the plant is used for its diuretic properties in kidney or bladder disorders.

Preparation: Eat beans cooked. Make tea from fresh or dried bean pod.

Black Pepper

Piper nigrum

Prik Thai Dam

Action: Antipyretic, Carminative, Digestive, Expectorant, Stimulant, Stomachic

Taste: Hot

Part Used: Fruit

Internal Application: The fruit of the black pepper, also known as the peppercorn, turns red when it is ripe. The riper the seed, the more potent the medicinal effects, and fresh red seeds are the only type commonly used by herbalists. It is said in Thailand, however, that the most medicinal peppercorns are those that are found in bird droppings. Black pepper is a hot herb used traditionally for treating colds, congestion, sore throat, sinusitis, and fever. Like most hot herbs, it is also a powerful digestion stimulant. It is also used to treat chronic coldness, temporary mild paralysis (such as Bell’s Palsy syndrome), and for general stimulation of the Fire element.

Preparation: Make tea from 1 tsp dried peppercorn in 1 cup (250 ml) water. Black pepper is commonly used with basil as a cold remedy, and is usually accompanied by honey as an adjuvant.

Caution: Black pepper may be slightly poisonous if excessive doses are taken frequently.

 

 

 

 

 

Blue Crab, Horseshoe Crab

Putalay Action: Female Tonic, Nutritive Tonic

Taste: Salty

Part Used: Claw of Scylla serrata, a sea-crab

Internal Application: The meat of the blue crab is prized by traditional Thai healers for its tonic properties. It is typically given to children to protect from common childhood diseases

and to women for tonification of the uterus and other female reproductive organs after pregnancy.

Preparation: Eat steamed.

Note: The field-crab, Paratelphusa sexpunctatum, which lives in inland rice paddies, is often substituted by those who live far from the sea.

Bulletwood

Mimusops elengi Maksa koun

Action: Antipyretic, Antirheumatic, Cardiac, Female Tonic, Sedative

Taste: Aromatic

Part Used: Flower, Wood

Internal Application: The bulletwood flower, like many herbs with aromatic taste, is taken either as tea or used in the sauna. It is administered through inhalation to treat arthritis, heart disease, as well as to calm anxiety, stress, and panic attacks. The tea is used to treat fevers, sore throat, and muscular pain. Tea made from the wood is considered to be a tonic for the heart and circulatory system, and a tonic for pregnancy, especially when the wood is infected by a particular fungus which gives the bark a mottled appearance. Decoction of the stem bark is used as a gargle for gingivitis.

Preparation: Make tea from dried flowers or decoction from wood.

Butterfly Pea, Blue Pea

Clitorea ternatea Aan Chan

Action: Antirheumatic, Diuretic, Laxative, Stomachic

Part Used: Seed, Root

Internal Application: The butterfly pea seed is used to treat constipation and to soothe stomach pains and cramps. The root has similar properties but is also a diuretic and an antirheumatic. The decoction is dropped into the eyes to treat poor vision and is added to toothpaste or powder to treat toothache. This herb is also a hair tonic, used to treat baldness and falling hair.

Preparation: Tea or powder.

Burr Bush

Triumfetta rhomboidea Seng

Action: Antipyretic, Stomachic

Part Used: Whole plant

Internal Application: The burr bush is used by Hill-Tribes to treat stomachache, indigestion, and to treat fever during menstruation.

Preparation: Decoction